Less map copying in NetworkSimplex (#234)

- The graph is copied in the constructor instead of the init() function.
It must not be modified after the class is constructed.
- The maps are copied once (instead of twice).
- Remove FlowMap, PotentialMap typedefs and flowMap(), pontentialMap()
setter functions.
- flowMap() and potentialMap() query functions copy the values into the
given map (reference) instead of returning a const reference to a
previously constructed map.

Rename Flow to Value in the flow algorithms (#266)

We agreed that using Flow for the value type is misleading, since
a flow should be rather a function on the arcs, not a single value.

This patch reverts the changes of [dacc2cee2b4c] for Preflow and
Circulation.