%% 

%% Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009 Elsevier Ltd

%% 

%% This file is part of the 'Elsarticle Bundle'.

%% ---------------------------------------------

%% 

%% It may be distributed under the conditions of the LaTeX Project Public

%% License, either version 1.2 of this license or (at your option) any

%% later version.  The latest version of this license is in

%%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt

%% and version 1.2 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX

%% version 1999/12/01 or later.

%% 

%% The list of all files belonging to the 'Elsarticle Bundle' is

%% given in the file `manifest.txt'.

%% 

 %%-------------------------------------------------------------------

 %% This bibliography style file is intended for texts in ENGLISH

 %% This is an author-year citation style bibliography. As such, it is

 %% non-standard LaTeX, and requires a special package file

 %% to function properly.

 %% Such a package is    natbib.sty   by Patrick W. Daly

 %% The form of the \bibitem entries is

 %%   \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)]{key}...

 %%   \bibitem[Jones et al.(1990)Jones, Baker, and Smith]{key}...

 %% The essential feature is that the label (the part in brackets) consists

 %% of the author names, as they should appear in the citation, with the year

 %% in parentheses following. There must be no space before the opening

 %% parenthesis!

 %% With natbib v5.3, a full list of authors may also follow the year.

 %% In natbib.sty, it is possible to define the type of enclosures that is

 %% really wanted (brackets or parentheses), but in either case, there must

 %% be parentheses in the label.

 %% The \cite command functions as follows:

 %%   \citet{key} ==>>                Jones et al. (1990)

 %%   \citet*{key} ==>>               Jones, Baker, and Smith (1990)

 %%   \citep{key} ==>>                (Jones et al., 1990)

 %%   \citep*{key} ==>>               (Jones, Baker, and Smith, 1990)

 %%   \citep[chap. 2]{key} ==>>       (Jones et al., 1990, chap. 2)

 %%   \citep[e.g.][]{key} ==>>        (e.g. Jones et al., 1990)

 %%   \citep[e.g.][p. 32]{key} ==>>   (e.g. Jones et al., p. 32)

 %%   \citeauthor{key} ==>>           Jones et al.

 %%   \citeauthor*{key} ==>>          Jones, Baker, and Smith

 %%   \citeyear{key} ==>>             1990

 %%---------------------------------------------------------------------

ENTRY

  { address

    author

    booktitle

    chapter

    edition

    editor

    howpublished

    institution

    journal

    key

    month

    note

    number

    organization

    pages

    publisher

    school

    series

    title

    type

    url

    volume

    year

  }

  {}

  { label extra.label sort.label short.list }

INTEGERS { output.state before.all mid.sentence after.sentence after.block }

FUNCTION {init.state.consts}

{ #0 'before.all :=

  #1 'mid.sentence :=

  #2 'after.sentence :=

  #3 'after.block :=

}

STRINGS { s t }

FUNCTION {output.nonnull}

{ 's :=

  output.state mid.sentence =

    { ", " * write$ }

    { output.state after.block =

        { add.period$ write$

          newline$

          "\newblock " write$

        }

        { output.state before.all =

            'write$

            { add.period$ " " * write$ }

          if$

        }

      if$

      mid.sentence 'output.state :=

    }

  if$

  s

}

FUNCTION {output}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    'pop$

    'output.nonnull

  if$

}

FUNCTION {output.check}

{ 't :=

  duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }

    'output.nonnull

  if$

}

FUNCTION {fin.entry}

{ add.period$

  write$

  newline$

}

FUNCTION {new.block}

{ output.state before.all =

    'skip$

    { after.block 'output.state := }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.sentence}

{ output.state after.block =

    'skip$

    { output.state before.all =

        'skip$

        { after.sentence 'output.state := }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

%%SP 2003/07/25

%% No longer used

FUNCTION {add.blank}

{  " " * before.all 'output.state :=

}

FUNCTION {date.block}

{

  new.sentence

}

FUNCTION {not}

{   { #0 }

    { #1 }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {and}

{   'skip$

    { pop$ #0 }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {or}

{   { pop$ #1 }

    'skip$

  if$

}

FUNCTION {new.block.checkb}

{ empty$

  swap$ empty$

  and

    'skip$

    'new.block

  if$

}

FUNCTION {field.or.null}

{ duplicate$ empty$

    { pop$ "" }

    'skip$

  if$

}

FUNCTION {emphasize}

{ skip$ }

FUNCTION {capitalize}

{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ }

FUNCTION {space.word}

{ " " swap$ * " " * }

 %% Here are the language-specific definitions for explicit words.

 %% Each function has a name bbl.xxx where xxx is the English word.

 %% The language selected here is ENGLISH

FUNCTION {bbl.and}

{ "and"}

FUNCTION {bbl.etal}

{ "et~al." }

FUNCTION {bbl.editors}

{ "Eds." }

FUNCTION {bbl.editor}

{ "Ed." }

FUNCTION {bbl.edby}

{ "edited by" }

FUNCTION {bbl.edition}

{ "Edition" }

FUNCTION {bbl.volume}

{ "Vol." }

FUNCTION {bbl.of}

{ "of" }

FUNCTION {bbl.number}

{ "no." }

FUNCTION {bbl.nr}

{ "no." }

FUNCTION {bbl.in}

{ "in" }

FUNCTION {bbl.pages}

{ "pp." }

FUNCTION {bbl.page}

{ "p." }

FUNCTION {bbl.chapter}

{ "Ch." }

FUNCTION {bbl.techrep}

{ "Tech. Rep." }

FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis}

{ "Master's thesis" }

FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis}

{ "Ph.D. thesis" }

FUNCTION {bbl.first}

{ "1st" }

FUNCTION {bbl.second}

{ "2nd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.third}

{ "3rd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.fourth}

{ "4th" }

FUNCTION {bbl.fifth}

{ "5th" }

FUNCTION {bbl.st}

{ "st" }

FUNCTION {bbl.nd}

{ "nd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.rd}

{ "rd" }

FUNCTION {bbl.th}

{ "th" }

MACRO {jan} {"Jan."}

MACRO {feb} {"Feb."}

MACRO {mar} {"Mar."}

MACRO {apr} {"Apr."}

MACRO {may} {"May"}

MACRO {jun} {"Jun."}

MACRO {jul} {"Jul."}

MACRO {aug} {"Aug."}

MACRO {sep} {"Sep."}

MACRO {oct} {"Oct."}

MACRO {nov} {"Nov."}

MACRO {dec} {"Dec."}

FUNCTION {eng.ord}

{ duplicate$ "1" swap$ *

  #-2 #1 substring$ "1" =

     { bbl.th * }

     { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$

       duplicate$ "1" =

         { pop$ bbl.st * }

         { duplicate$ "2" =

             { pop$ bbl.nd * }

             { "3" =

                 { bbl.rd * }

                 { bbl.th * }

               if$

             }

           if$

          }

       if$

     }

   if$

}

MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."}

MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."}

MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"}

MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."}

MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."}

MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Softw. Eng."}

MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."}

MACRO {ieeetcad}

 {"IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integrated Circuits"}

MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."}

MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"}

MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."}

MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Programming"}

MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."}

MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."}

MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."}

MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Gr."}

MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Softw."}

MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."}

MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Prog. Lang. Syst."}

MACRO {tcs} {"Theoretical Comput. Sci."}

FUNCTION {write.url}

{ url empty$

    { skip$ }

    { "\newline\urlprefix\url{" url * "}" * write$ newline$ }

  if$

}

INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }

FUNCTION {format.names}

{ 's :=

  #1 'nameptr :=

  s num.names$ 'numnames :=

  numnames 'namesleft :=

    { namesleft #0 > }

    { s nameptr

      "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f.}" format.name$

    't :=

      nameptr #1 >

        {

          namesleft #1 >

            { ", " * t * }

            {

              "," *

              s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =

                { 't := }

                { pop$ }

              if$

              t "others" =

                {

                  " " * bbl.etal *

                }

                { " " * t * }

              if$

            }

          if$

        }

        't

      if$

      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=

      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=

    }

  while$

}

FUNCTION {format.names.ed}

{ format.names }

FUNCTION {format.key}

{ empty$

    { key field.or.null }

    { "" }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.authors}

{ author empty$

    { "" }

    { author format.names }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.editors}

{ editor empty$

    { "" }

    { editor format.names

      editor num.names$ #1 >

        { " (" * bbl.editors * ")" * }

        { " (" * bbl.editor * ")" * }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.in.editors}

{ editor empty$

    { "" }

    { editor format.names.ed

      editor num.names$ #1 >

        { " (" * bbl.editors * ")" * }

        { " (" * bbl.editor * ")" * }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.note}

{

 note empty$

    { "" }

    { note #1 #1 substring$

      duplicate$ "{" =

        'skip$

        { output.state mid.sentence =

          { "l" }

          { "u" }

        if$

        change.case$

        }

      if$

      note #2 global.max$ substring$ *

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.title}

{ title empty$

    { "" }

    { title "t" change.case$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.full.names}

{'s :=

  #1 'nameptr :=

  s num.names$ 'numnames :=

  numnames 'namesleft :=

    { namesleft #0 > }

    { s nameptr

      "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$

      't :=

      nameptr #1 >

        {

          namesleft #1 >

            { ", " * t * }

            {

              numnames #2 >

                { "," * }

                'skip$

              if$

              s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =

                { 't := }

                { pop$ }

              if$

              t "others" =

                {

                  " " * bbl.etal *

                }

                { bbl.and

                  space.word * t *

                }

              if$

            }

          if$

        }

        't

      if$

      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=

      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=

    }

  while$

}

FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full}

{ author empty$

    { editor empty$

        { key empty$

            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }

            'key

          if$

        }

        { editor format.full.names }

      if$

    }

    { author format.full.names }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {author.key.full}

{ author empty$

    { key empty$

         { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }

          'key

      if$

    }

    { author format.full.names }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {editor.key.full}

{ editor empty$

    { key empty$

         { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }

          'key

      if$

    }

    { editor format.full.names }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {make.full.names}

{ type$ "book" =

  type$ "inbook" =

  or

    'author.editor.key.full

    { type$ "proceedings" =

        'editor.key.full

        'author.key.full

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {output.bibitem}

{ newline$

  "\bibitem[{" write$

  label write$

  ")" make.full.names duplicate$ short.list =

     { pop$ }

     { * }

   if$

  "}]{" * write$

  cite$ write$

  "}" write$

  newline$

  ""

  before.all 'output.state :=

}

FUNCTION {n.dashify}

{

  't :=

  ""

    { t empty$ not }

    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =

        { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not

            { "--" *

              t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

            }

            {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }

                { "-" *

                  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

                }

              while$

            }

          if$

        }

        { t #1 #1 substring$ *

          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

        }

      if$

    }

  while$

}

FUNCTION {word.in}

{ bbl.in capitalize

  ":" *

  " " * }

FUNCTION {format.date}

{ year duplicate$ empty$

    { "empty year in " cite$ * "; set to ????" * warning$

       pop$ "????" }

    'skip$

  if$

  month empty$

    'skip$

    { month

      " " * swap$ *

    }

  if$

  extra.label *

  before.all 'output.state :=

  ", " swap$ *

}

FUNCTION {format.btitle}

{ title

}

FUNCTION {tie.or.space.connect}

{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <

    { "~" }

    { " " }

  if$

  swap$ * *

}

FUNCTION {either.or.check}

{ empty$

    'pop$

    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.bvolume}

{ volume empty$

    { "" }

    { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.connect

      series empty$

        'skip$

        { bbl.of space.word * series emphasize * }

      if$

      "volume and number" number either.or.check

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.number.series}

{ volume empty$

    { number empty$

        { series field.or.null }

        { output.state mid.sentence =

            { bbl.number }

            { bbl.number capitalize }

          if$

          number tie.or.space.connect

          series empty$

            { "there's a number but no series in " cite$ * warning$ }

            { bbl.in space.word * series * }

          if$

        }

      if$

    }

    { "" }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {is.num}

{ chr.to.int$

  duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not

  swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and

}

FUNCTION {extract.num}

{ duplicate$ 't :=

  "" 's :=

  { t empty$ not }

  { t #1 #1 substring$

    t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=

    duplicate$ is.num

      { s swap$ * 's := }

      { pop$ "" 't := }

    if$

  }

  while$

  s empty$

    'skip$

    { pop$ s }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {convert.edition}

{ edition extract.num "l" change.case$ 's :=

  s "first" = s "1" = or

    { bbl.first 't := }

    { s "second" = s "2" = or

        { bbl.second 't := }

        { s "third" = s "3" = or

            { bbl.third 't := }

            { s "fourth" = s "4" = or

                { bbl.fourth 't := }

                { s "fifth" = s "5" = or

                    { bbl.fifth 't := }

                    { s #1 #1 substring$ is.num

                        { s eng.ord 't := }

                        { edition 't := }

                      if$

                    }

                  if$

                }

              if$

            }

          if$

        }

      if$

    }

  if$

  t

}

FUNCTION {format.edition}

{ edition empty$

    { "" }

    { output.state mid.sentence =

        { convert.edition "l" change.case$ " " * bbl.edition * }

        { convert.edition "t" change.case$ " " * bbl.edition * }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

INTEGERS { multiresult }

FUNCTION {multi.page.check}

{ 't :=

  #0 'multiresult :=

    { multiresult not

      t empty$ not

      and

    }

    { t #1 #1 substring$

      duplicate$ "-" =

      swap$ duplicate$ "," =

      swap$ "+" =

      or or

        { #1 'multiresult := }

        { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }

      if$

    }

  while$

  multiresult

}

FUNCTION {format.pages}

{ pages empty$

    { "" }

    { pages multi.page.check

        { bbl.pages pages n.dashify tie.or.space.connect }

        { bbl.page pages tie.or.space.connect }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.journal.pages}

{ pages empty$

    'skip$

    { duplicate$ empty$

        { pop$ format.pages }

        {

          ", " *

          pages n.dashify *

        }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

%%SP 2001/01/23

%% Only used in articles

FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}

{

%%SP 2001/01/23

%% Add the leading space only if there is a volume

  %% volume field.or.null

  " "

  volume empty$

    { pop$ "" }

    { volume * }

  if$

  number empty$

    'skip$

    {

      "~(" number * ")" * *

      volume empty$

        { "there's a number but no volume in " cite$ * warning$ }

        'skip$

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}

{ chapter empty$

    { "" }

    { type empty$

        { bbl.chapter }

        { type "l" change.case$ }

      if$

      chapter tie.or.space.connect

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}

{ booktitle empty$

    { "" }

    { editor empty$

        { word.in booktitle * }

        { word.in format.in.editors * ", " *

          booktitle * }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}

{ type empty$

    'skip$

    { pop$

      type "t" change.case$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.tr.number}

{ type empty$

    { bbl.techrep }

    'type

  if$

  number empty$

    { "t" change.case$ }

    { number tie.or.space.connect }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}

{

  word.in

  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *

}

FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}

{ volume empty$

    { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$

      word.in

    }

    { bbl.volume capitalize

      volume tie.or.space.connect

      bbl.of space.word *

    }

  if$

  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *

}

FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}

{

  word.in

  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *

}

FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub}

{ 't :=

  ""

  address empty$ t empty$ and

    'skip$

    {

      t empty$

        { address empty$

          'skip$

          { address * }

          if$

        }

        { t *

          address empty$

            'skip$

            { ", " * address * }

          if$

        }

      if$

    }

  if$

}

FUNCTION {format.publisher.address}

{ publisher empty$

    { "empty publisher in " cite$ * warning$

      ""

    }

    { publisher }

  if$

  format.org.or.pub

}

FUNCTION {format.organization.address}

{ organization empty$

    { "" }

    { organization }

  if$

  format.org.or.pub

}

FUNCTION {article}

{ output.bibitem

  format.authors "author" output.check

  author format.key output

  format.date "year" output.check

  date.block

  format.title "title" output.check

  new.sentence

  crossref missing$

    { journal

      "journal" output.check

%%SP 2001/01/23

%% Add the space in format.vol.num.pages

      %% add.blank

  before.all 'output.state :=

      format.vol.num.pages output

    }

    { format.article.crossref output.nonnull

      format.pages output

    }

  if$

  format.journal.pages

  format.note output

  fin.entry

  write.url

}

FUNCTION {book}

{ output.bibitem

  author empty$

    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check

      editor format.key output

    }

    { format.authors output.nonnull

      crossref missing$

        { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }

        'skip$

      if$

    }

  if$

  format.date "year" output.check

  date.block

  format.btitle "title" output.check

  crossref missing$

    { format.edition output

      new.sentence

  format.bvolume output

      format.number.series output

      new.sentence

      format.publisher.address output

    }

    {

  new.sentence

      format.book.crossref output.nonnull

    }

  if$

  format.note output

  fin.entry

  write.url

}

FUNCTION {booklet}

{ output.bibitem

  format.authors output