alpar@0: %% 
alpar@0: %% Copyright 2007, 2008, 2009 Elsevier Ltd
alpar@0: %% 
alpar@0: %% This file is part of the 'Elsarticle Bundle'.
alpar@0: %% ---------------------------------------------
alpar@0: %% 
alpar@0: %% It may be distributed under the conditions of the LaTeX Project Public
alpar@0: %% License, either version 1.2 of this license or (at your option) any
alpar@0: %% later version.  The latest version of this license is in
alpar@0: %%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
alpar@0: %% and version 1.2 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
alpar@0: %% version 1999/12/01 or later.
alpar@0: %% 
alpar@0: %% The list of all files belonging to the 'Elsarticle Bundle' is
alpar@0: %% given in the file `manifest.txt'.
alpar@0: %% 
alpar@0: \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \usepackage[xcolor,qtwo]{rvdtx}
alpar@0: \usepackage{multicol}
alpar@0: \usepackage{color}
alpar@0: \usepackage{xspace}
alpar@0: \usepackage{pdfwidgets}
alpar@0: \usepackage{enum}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \def\ttdefault{cmtt}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \headsep4pc
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \makeatletter
alpar@0: \def\bs{\expandafter\@gobble\string\\}
alpar@0: \def\lb{\expandafter\@gobble\string\{}
alpar@0: \def\rb{\expandafter\@gobble\string\}}
alpar@0: \def\@pdfauthor{C.V.Radhakrishnan}
alpar@0: \def\@pdftitle{elsarticle.cls -- A documentation}
alpar@0: \def\@pdfsubject{Document formatting with elsarticle.cls}
alpar@0: \def\@pdfkeywords{LaTeX, Elsevier Ltd, document class}
alpar@0: \def\file#1{\textsf{#1}\xspace}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: %\def\LastPage{19}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \DeclareRobustCommand{\LaTeX}{L\kern-.26em%
alpar@0:         {\sbox\z@ T%
alpar@0:          \vbox to\ht\z@{\hbox{\check@mathfonts
alpar@0:            \fontsize\sf@size\z@
alpar@0:            \math@fontsfalse\selectfont
alpar@0:           A\,}%
alpar@0:          \vss}%
alpar@0:         }%
alpar@0:      \kern-.15em%
alpar@0:     \TeX}
alpar@0: \makeatother
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \def\figurename{Clip}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{document}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \def\testa{This is a specimen document. }
alpar@0: \def\testc{\testa\testa\testa\testa}
alpar@0: \def\testb{\testc\testc\testc\testc\testc}
alpar@0: \long\def\test{\testb\par\testb\par\testb\par}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \pinclude{\copy\contbox\printSq{\LastPage}}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \title{elsarticle.cls -- A better way to format your document}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \author{Elsevier Ltd}
alpar@0: \contact{elsarticle@river-valley.com}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \version{1.20}
alpar@0: \date{\today}
alpar@0: \maketitle
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \section{Introduction}
alpar@0: %\hypertarget{introduction}{}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \file{elsarticle.cls} is a thoroughly re-written document class
alpar@0: for formatting \LaTeX{} submissions to Elsevier journals.
alpar@0: The class uses the environments and commands defined in \LaTeX{} kernel
alpar@0: without any change in the signature so that clashes with other
alpar@0: contributed \LaTeX{} packages such as \file{hyperref.sty},
alpar@0: \file{preview-latex.sty}, etc., will be minimal.
alpar@0: \file{elsarticle.cls} is primarily built upon the default
alpar@0: \file{article.cls}.  This class depends on the following packages
alpar@0: for its proper functioning:
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{enumerate}
alpar@0: \item \file{pifont.sty} for openstar in the title footnotes;
alpar@0: \item \file{natbib.sty} for citation processing;
alpar@0: \item \file{geometry.sty} for margin settings;
alpar@0: \item \file{fleqn.clo} for left aligned equations;
alpar@0: \item \file{graphicx.sty} for graphics inclusion;
alpar@0: \item \file{txfonts.sty} optional font package, if the document is to
alpar@0:   be formatted with Times and compatible math fonts;
alpar@0: \item \file{hyperref.sty} optional packages if hyperlinking is
alpar@0:   required in the document.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \end{enumerate}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: All the above packages are part of any standard \LaTeX{} installation.
alpar@0: Therefore, the users need not be bothered about downloading any
alpar@0: extra packages.  Furthermore, users are free to make use of \textsc{ams}
alpar@0: math packages such as \file{amsmath.sty}, \file{amsthm.sty},
alpar@0: \file{amssymb.sty}, \file{amsfonts.sty}, etc., if they want to.  All
alpar@0: these packages work in tandem with \file{elsarticle.cls} without
alpar@0: any problems.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \section{Major Differences}
alpar@0: %\hypertarget{majordifferences}{}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: Following are the major differences between \file{elsarticle.cls}
alpar@0: and its predecessor package, \file{elsart.cls}:
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{enumerate}[\textbullet]
alpar@0: \item \file{elsarticle.cls} is built upon \file{article.cls}
alpar@0: while \file{elsart.cls} is not. \file{elsart.cls} redefines
alpar@0: many of the commands in the \LaTeX{} classes/kernel, which can
alpar@0: possibly cause surprising clashes with other contributed
alpar@0: \LaTeX{} packages;
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item provides preprint document formatting by default, and
alpar@0: optionally formats the document as per the final
alpar@0: style of models $1+$, $3+$ and $5+$ of Elsevier journals;
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item some easier ways for formatting \verb+list+ and
alpar@0: \verb+theorem+ environments are provided while people can still
alpar@0: use \file{amsthm.sty} package;
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item \file{natbib.sty} is the main citation processing package
alpar@0:   which can comprehensively handle all kinds of citations and
alpar@0: works perfectly with \file{hyperref.sty} in combination with
alpar@0: \file{hypernat.sty};
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item long title pages are processed correctly in preprint and
alpar@0:   final formats.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \end{enumerate}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \section{Installation}
alpar@0: %\hypertarget{installation}{}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: The package is available at author resources page at Elsevier
alpar@0: (\url{http://www.elsevier.com/locate/latex}).
alpar@0: It can also be found in any of the nodes of the Comprehensive
alpar@0: \TeX{} Archive Network (\textsc{ctan}), one of the primary nodes
alpar@0: being
alpar@0: \url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/elsevier/}.
alpar@0: Please download the \file{elsarticle.dtx} which is a composite
alpar@0: class with documentation and \file{elsarticle.ins} which is the
alpar@0: \LaTeX{} installer file. When we compile the
alpar@0: \file{elsarticle.ins} with \LaTeX{} it provides the class file,
alpar@0: \file{elsarticle.cls} by
alpar@0: stripping off all the documentation from the \verb+*.dtx+ file.
alpar@0: The class may be moved or copied to a place, usually,
alpar@0: \verb+$TEXMF/tex/latex/elsevier/+, %$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
alpar@0: or a folder which will be read                   
alpar@0: by \LaTeX{} during document compilation.  The \TeX{} file
alpar@0: database needs updation after moving/copying class file.  Usually,
alpar@0: we use commands like \verb+mktexlsr+ or \verb+texhash+ depending
alpar@0: upon the distribution and operating system.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \section{Usage}\label{sec:usage}
alpar@0: %\hypertarget{usage}{}
alpar@0: The class should be loaded with the command:
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0:  \documentclass[<options>]{elsarticle}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \noindent where the \verb+options+ can be the following:
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{description}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} preprint}]  default option which format the
alpar@0:   document for submission to Elsevier journals.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} review}]  similar to the \verb+preprint+ option, but
alpar@0:   increases the baselineskip to facilitate easier review process.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} 1p}]  formats the article to the look and feel of the final
alpar@0:   format of model 1+ journals. This is always single column style.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} 3p}] formats the article to the look and feel of the final
alpar@0:   format of model 3+ journals. If the journal is a two column
alpar@0: model, use \verb+twocolumn+ option in combination.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} 5p}] formats for model 5+ journals. This is always
alpar@0:   of two column style.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} authoryear}] author-year citation style of
alpar@0:   \file{natbib.sty}. If you want to add extra options of
alpar@0: \file{natbib.sty}, you may use the options as comma delimited
alpar@0: strings as arguments to \verb+\biboptions+ command. An example
alpar@0: would be:
alpar@0: \end{description}
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0:  \biboptions{longnamesfirst,angle,semicolon}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{description}
alpar@0: \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} number}] numbered citation style. Extra options
alpar@0:   can be loaded with\linebreak \verb+\biboptions+ command.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} sort\&compress}] sorts and compresses the
alpar@0: numbered citations. For example, citation [1,2,3] will become [1--3].
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} longtitle}] if front matter is unusually long, use
alpar@0:   this option to split the title page across pages with the correct
alpar@0: placement of title and author footnotes in the first page.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} times}] loads \file{txfonts.sty}, if available in
alpar@0:   the system to use Times and compatible math fonts.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item[] All options of \file{article.cls} can be used with this
alpar@0:   document class.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item[] The default options loaded are \verb+a4paper+, \verb+10pt+,
alpar@0:   \verb+oneside+, \verb+onecolumn+ and \verb+preprint+.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \end{description}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \section{Frontmatter}
alpar@0: %\hypertarget{preamble}{}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: There are two types of frontmatter coding:
alpar@0: \begin{enumerate}[(1)]
alpar@0: \item each author is
alpar@0: connected to an affiliation with a footnote marker; hence all
alpar@0: authors are grouped together and affiliations follow;
alpar@0: \item authors of same affiliations are grouped together and the
alpar@0: relevant affiliation follows this group. An example coding of the first
alpar@0: type is provided below.
alpar@0: \end{enumerate}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0:  \title{This is a specimen title\tnoteref{t1,t2}}
alpar@0:  \tnotetext[t1]{This document is a collaborative effort.}
alpar@0:  \tnotetext[t2]{The second title footnote which is a longer
alpar@0:     longer than the first one and with an intention to fill
alpar@0:     in up more than one line while formatting.}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0:  \author[rvt]{C.V.~Radhakrishnan\corref{cor1}\fnref{fn1}}
alpar@0:  \ead{cvr@river-valley.com}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0:  \author[rvt,focal]{K.~Bazargan\fnref{fn2}}
alpar@0:  \ead{kaveh@river-valley.com}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0:  \author[els]{S.~Pepping\corref{cor2}\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
alpar@0:  \ead[url]{http://www.elsevier.com}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0:  \cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
alpar@0:  \cortext[cor2]{Principal corresponding author}
alpar@0:  \fntext[fn1]{This is the specimen author footnote.}
alpar@0:  \fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, but a little more 
alpar@0:              longer.}
alpar@0:  \fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote. Indeed, you can have
alpar@0:     any number of author footnotes.}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0:  \address[rvt]{River Valley Technologies, SJP Building,
alpar@0:     Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014}
alpar@0:  \address[focal]{River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court,
alpar@0:     Kennford, Exeter, United Kingdom}
alpar@0:  \address[els]{Central Application Management,
alpar@0:     Elsevier, Radarweg 29, 1043 NX\\
alpar@0:     Amsterdam, Netherlands}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: The output of the above TeX source is given in Clips~\ref{clip1} and
alpar@0: \ref{clip2}. The header portion or title area is given in Clip~\ref{clip1} and
alpar@0: the footer area is given in Clip~\ref{clip2}.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \vspace*{6pt}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{blue!70}
alpar@0: \src{Header of the title page.}
alpar@0: \includeclip{1}{132 571 481 690}{els1.pdf}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{orange}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: %\vspace*{6pt}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{blue!70}
alpar@0: \src{Footer of the title page.}
alpar@0: \includeclip{1}{122 129 481 237}{els1.pdf}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{orange}
alpar@0: \pagebreak
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: Most of the commands such as \verb+\title+, \verb+\author+,
alpar@0: \verb+\address+ are self explanatory.  Various components are
alpar@0: linked to each other by a label--reference mechanism; for
alpar@0: instance, title footnote is linked to the title with a footnote
alpar@0: mark generated by referring to the \verb+\label+ string of
alpar@0: the \verb=\tnotetext=.  We have used similar commands
alpar@0: such as \verb=\tnoteref= (to link title note to title);
alpar@0: \verb=\corref= (to link corresponding author text to
alpar@0: corresponding author); \verb=\fnref= (to link footnote text to
alpar@0: the relevant author names).  \TeX{} needs two compilations to
alpar@0: resolve the footnote marks in the preamble part.  
alpar@0: Given below are the syntax of various note marks and note texts.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0:   \tnoteref{<label(s)>}
alpar@0:   \corref{<label(s)>}
alpar@0:   \fnref{<label(s)>}
alpar@0:   \tnotetext[<label>]{<title note text>}
alpar@0:   \cortext[<label>]{<corresponding author note text>}
alpar@0:   \fntext[<label>]{<author footnote text>}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \noindent where \verb=<label(s)>= can be either one or more comma
alpar@0: delimited label strings. The optional arguments to the
alpar@0: \verb=\author= command holds the ref label(s) of the address(es)
alpar@0: to which the author is affiliated while each \verb=\address=
alpar@0: command can have an optional argument of a label. In the same
alpar@0: manner, \verb=\tnotetext=, \verb=\fntext=, \verb=\cortext= will
alpar@0: have optional arguments as their respective labels and note text
alpar@0: as their mandatory argument.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: The following example code provides the markup of the second type
alpar@0: of author-affiliation.
alpar@0: %as seen in the output given in the
alpar@0: %box to the right.
alpar@0: %\pinclude{\def\rulecolor{blue!80}
alpar@0: %   \includeclip[width=3.25in]{1}{130 84 484 676}{els2.pdf}%
alpar@0: % \def\rulecolor{orange}}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0: \author{C.V.~Radhakrishnan\corref{cor1}\fnref{fn1}}
alpar@0:  \ead{cvr@river-valley.com}
alpar@0:  \address{River Valley Technologies, SJP Building,
alpar@0:    Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0: \author{K.~Bazargan\fnref{fn2}}
alpar@0:  \ead{kaveh@river-valley.com}
alpar@0:  \address{River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court, Kennford,
alpar@0:    Exeter, UK.}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0: \author{S.~Pepping\fnref{fn1,fn3}}
alpar@0:  \ead[url]{http://www.elsevier.com}
alpar@0:  \address{Central Application Management,
alpar@0:    Elsevier, Radarweg 43, 1043 NX Amsterdam, Netherlands}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0: \cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}
alpar@0: \fntext[fn1]{This is the first author footnote.}
alpar@0: \fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, this is a very long 
alpar@0:   footnote and it should be a really long footnote. But this 
alpar@0:   footnote is not yet sufficiently long enough to make two lines 
alpar@0:   of footnote text.}
alpar@0: \fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote.}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: The output of the above TeX source is given in Clip~\ref{clip3}.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \vspace*{12pt}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{blue!70}
alpar@0: \src{Header of the title page..}
alpar@0: \includeclip{1}{132 491 481 690}{els2.pdf}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{orange}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: The frontmatter part has further environments such as abstracts and
alpar@0: keywords.  These can be marked up in the following
alpar@0: manner:
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: %\verb+\begin{abstract}+ \dots \verb+\end{abstract}+ and
alpar@0: %\verb+\begin{keyword}+ \verb+...+ \verb+\end{keyword}+ which
alpar@0: %contain the abstract and keywords respectively. 
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0:  \begin{abstract}
alpar@0:   In this work we demonstrate the formation of a new type of 
alpar@0:   polariton on the interface between a ....
alpar@0:  \end{abstract}
alpar@0: \end{vquote} 
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0:  \begin{keyword}
alpar@0:   quadruple exiton \sep polariton \sep WGM
alpar@0: 
alpar@0:   \PACS 71.35.-y \sep 71.35.Lk \sep 71.36.+c
alpar@0:  \end{keyword}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \noindent Each keyword shall be separated by a \verb+\sep+ command.
alpar@0: \textsc{pacs} and \textsc{msc} classifications shall be provided in 
alpar@0: the keyword environment with the commands \verb+\PACS+ and
alpar@0: \verb+\MSC+ respectively.  \verb+\MSC+ accepts an optional
alpar@0: argument to accommodate future revisions.
alpar@0: eg., \verb=\MSC[2008]=. The default is 2000.\looseness=-1
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \section{Floats}
alpar@0: {Figures} may be included using the command, \verb+\includegraphics+ in
alpar@0: combination with or without its several options to further control
alpar@0: graphic. \verb+\includegraphics+ is provided by \file{graphic[s,x].sty}
alpar@0: which is part of any standard \LaTeX{} distribution.
alpar@0: \file{graphicx.sty} is loaded by default. \LaTeX{} accepts figures in
alpar@0: the postscript format while pdf\LaTeX{} accepts \file{*.pdf},
alpar@0: \file{*.mps} (metapost), \file{*.jpg} and \file{*.png} formats. 
alpar@0: pdf\LaTeX{} does not accept graphic files in the postscript format. 
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: The \verb+table+ environment is handy for marking up tabular
alpar@0: material. If users want to use \file{multirow.sty},
alpar@0: \file{array.sty}, etc., to fine control/enhance the tables, they
alpar@0: are welcome to load any package of their choice and
alpar@0: \file{elsarticle.cls} will work in combination with all loaded
alpar@0: packages.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \section[Theorem and ...]{Theorem and theorem like environments}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \file{elsarticle.cls} provides a few shortcuts to format theorems and
alpar@0: theorem-like environments with ease. In all commands the options that
alpar@0: are used with the \verb+\newtheorem+ command will work exactly in the same
alpar@0: manner. \file{elsarticle.cls} provides three commands to format theorem or
alpar@0: theorem-like environments: 
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0:  \newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}
alpar@0:  \newtheorem{lem}[thm]{Lemma}
alpar@0:  \newdefinition{rmk}{Remark}
alpar@0:  \newproof{pf}{Proof}
alpar@0:  \newproof{pot}{Proof of Theorem \ref{thm2}}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: The \verb+\newtheorem+ command formats a
alpar@0: theorem in \LaTeX's default style with italicized font, bold font
alpar@0: for theorem heading and theorem number at the right hand side of the
alpar@0: theorem heading.  It also optionally accepts an argument which
alpar@0: will be printed as an extra heading in parentheses. 
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0:   \begin{thm} 
alpar@0:    For system (8), consensus can be achieved with $\|T_{\omega z}$
alpar@0:    ...
alpar@0:      \begin{eqnarray}\label{10}
alpar@0:      ....
alpar@0:      \end{eqnarray}
alpar@0:   \end{thm}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}  
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: Clip~\ref{clip4} will show you how some text enclosed between the
alpar@0: above code looks like:
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \vspace*{6pt}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{blue!70}
alpar@0: \src{{\ttfamily\color{verbcolor}\bs newtheorem}}
alpar@0: \includeclip{2}{1 1 453 120}{jfigs.pdf}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{orange}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: The \verb+\newdefinition+ command is the same in
alpar@0: all respects as its\linebreak \verb+\newtheorem+ counterpart except that
alpar@0: the font shape is roman instead of italic.  Both
alpar@0: \verb+\newdefinition+ and \verb+\newtheorem+ commands
alpar@0: automatically define counters for the environments defined.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \vspace*{12pt}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{blue!70}
alpar@0: \src{{\ttfamily\color{verbcolor}\bs newdefinition}}
alpar@0: \includeclip{1}{1 1 453 105}{jfigs.pdf}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{orange}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: The \verb+\newproof+ command defines proof environments with
alpar@0: upright font shape.  No counters are defined. 
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \vspace*{6pt}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{blue!70}
alpar@0: \src{{\ttfamily\color{verbcolor}\bs newproof}}
alpar@0: \includeclip{3}{1 1 453 65}{jfigs.pdf}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{orange}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: Users can also make use of \verb+amsthm.sty+ which will override
alpar@0: all the default definitions described above.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \section[Enumerated ...]{Enumerated and Itemized Lists}
alpar@0: \file{elsarticle.cls} provides an extended list processing macros
alpar@0: which makes the usage a bit more user friendly than the default
alpar@0: \LaTeX{} list macros.   With an optional argument to the
alpar@0: \verb+\begin{enumerate}+ command, you can change the list counter
alpar@0: type and its attributes.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0:  \begin{enumerate}[1.]
alpar@0:  \item The enumerate environment starts with an optional
alpar@0:    argument `1.', so that the item counter will be suffixed
alpar@0:    by a period.
alpar@0:  \item You can use `a)' for alphabetical counter and '(i)' for
alpar@0:    roman counter.
alpar@0:   \begin{enumerate}[a)]
alpar@0:     \item Another level of list with alphabetical counter.
alpar@0:     \item One more item before we start another.
alpar@0:     \begin{enumerate}[(i)]
alpar@0:      \item This item has roman numeral counter.
alpar@0:      \item Another one before we close the third level.
alpar@0:     \end{enumerate}
alpar@0:     \item Third item in second level.
alpar@0:   \end{enumerate}
alpar@0:  \item All list items conclude with this step.
alpar@0:  \end{enumerate}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \vspace*{12pt}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{blue!70}
alpar@0: \src{List -- Enumerate}
alpar@0: \includeclip{4}{1 1 453 185}{jfigs.pdf}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{orange}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: Further, the enhanced list environment allows one to prefix a
alpar@0: string like `step' to all the item numbers.  Take a look at the
alpar@0: example below:
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{vquote}
alpar@0:  \begin{enumerate}[Step 1.]
alpar@0:   \item This is the first step of the example list.
alpar@0:   \item Obviously this is the second step.
alpar@0:   \item The final step to wind up this example.
alpar@0:  \end{enumerate}
alpar@0: \end{vquote}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{blue!70}
alpar@0: \src{List -- enhanced}
alpar@0: \includeclip{5}{1 1 313 83}{jfigs.pdf}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{orange}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \vspace*{-18pt}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \section{Cross-references}
alpar@0: In electronic publications, articles may be internally
alpar@0: hyperlinked. Hyperlinks are generated from proper
alpar@0: cross-references in the article.  For example, the words
alpar@0: \textcolor{black!80}{Fig.~1} will never be more than simple text,
alpar@0: whereas the proper cross-reference \verb+\ref{tiger}+ may be
alpar@0: turned into a hyperlink to the figure itself:
alpar@0: \textcolor{blue}{Fig.~1}.  In the same way,
alpar@0: the words \textcolor{blue}{Ref.~[1]} will fail to turn into a
alpar@0: hyperlink; the proper cross-reference is \verb+\cite{Knuth96}+.
alpar@0: Cross-referencing is possible in \LaTeX{} for sections,
alpar@0: subsections, formulae, figures, tables, and literature
alpar@0: references.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \section[Mathematical ...]{Mathematical symbols and formulae}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: Many physical/mathematical sciences authors require more
alpar@0: mathematical symbols than the few that are provided in standard
alpar@0: \LaTeX. A useful package for additional symbols is the
alpar@0: \file{amssymb} package, developed by the American Mathematical
alpar@0: Society. This package includes such oft-used symbols as
alpar@0: $\lesssim$ (\verb+\lesssim+), $\gtrsim$ (\verb+\gtrsim+)  or 
alpar@0: $\hbar$ (\verb+\hbar+). Note that your \TeX{}
alpar@0: system should have the \file{msam} and \file{msbm} fonts installed. If
alpar@0: you need only a few symbols, such as $\Box$ (\verb+\Box+), you might try the
alpar@0: package \file{latexsym}.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: Another point which would require authors' attention is the
alpar@0: breaking up of long equations.  When you use
alpar@0: \file{elsarticle.cls} for formatting your submissions in the 
alpar@0: \verb+preprint+ mode, the document is formatted in single column
alpar@0: style with a text width of 384pt or 5.3in.  When this document is
alpar@0: formatted for final print and if the journal happens to be a double column
alpar@0: journal, the text width will be reduced to 224pt at for 3+
alpar@0: double column and 5+ journals respectively. All the nifty 
alpar@0: fine-tuning in equation breaking done by the author goes to waste in
alpar@0: such cases.  Therefore, authors are requested to check this
alpar@0: problem by typesetting their submissions in final format as well
alpar@0: just to see if their equations are broken at appropriate places,
alpar@0: by changing appropriate options in the document class loading
alpar@0: command, which is explained in section~\ref{sec:usage},
alpar@0: \nameref{sec:usage}. This allows authors to fix any equation breaking
alpar@0: problem before submission for publication.
alpar@0: \file{elsarticle.cls} supports formatting the author submission
alpar@0: in different types of final format.  This is further discussed in
alpar@0: section \ref{sec:final}, \nameref{sec:final}.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \section{Bibliography}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: Three bibliographic style files (\verb+*.bst+) are provided ---
alpar@0: \file{elsarticle-num.bst}, \file{elsarticle-num-names.bst} and
alpar@0: \file{elsarticle-harv.bst} --- the first one for the numbered scheme, the
alpar@0: second for the numbered with new options of \file{natbib.sty} and the
alpar@0: last one for the author year scheme.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: In \LaTeX{} literature, references are listed in the
alpar@0: \verb+thebibliography+ environment.  Each reference is a
alpar@0: \verb+\bibitem+ and each \verb+\bibitem+ is identified by a label,
alpar@0: by which it can be cited in the text:
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \verb+\bibitem[Elson et al.(1996)]{ESG96}+ is cited as
alpar@0: \verb+\citet{ESG96}+. 
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \noindent In connection with cross-referencing and
alpar@0: possible future hyperlinking it is not a good idea to collect
alpar@0: more that one literature item in one \verb+\bibitem+.  The
alpar@0: so-called Harvard or author-year style of referencing is enabled
alpar@0: by the \LaTeX{} package \file{natbib}. With this package the
alpar@0: literature can be cited as follows:
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{enumerate}[\textbullet]
alpar@0: \item Parenthetical: \verb+\citep{WB96}+ produces (Wettig \& Brown, 1996).
alpar@0: \item Textual: \verb+\citet{ESG96}+ produces Elson et al. (1996).
alpar@0: \item An affix and part of a reference:
alpar@0: \verb+\citep[e.g.][Ch. 2]{Gea97}+ produces (e.g. Governato et
alpar@0: al., 1997, Ch. 2).
alpar@0: \end{enumerate}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: In the numbered scheme of citation, \verb+\cite{<label>}+ is used,
alpar@0: since \verb+\citep+ or \verb+\citet+ has no relevance in the numbered
alpar@0: scheme.  \file{natbib} package is loaded by \file{elsarticle} with
alpar@0: \verb+numbers+ as default option.  You can change this to author-year
alpar@0: or harvard scheme by adding option \verb+authoryear+ in the class
alpar@0: loading command.  If you want to use more options of the \file{natbib}
alpar@0: package, you can do so with the \verb+\biboptions+ command, which is
alpar@0: described in the section \ref{sec:usage}, \nameref{sec:usage}.  For
alpar@0: details of various options of the \file{natbib} package, please take a
alpar@0: look at the \file{natbib} documentation, which is part of any standard
alpar@0: \LaTeX{} installation.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \subsection*{Displayed equations and double column journals}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: Many Elsevier journals print their text in two columns. Since
alpar@0: the preprint layout uses a larger line width than such columns,
alpar@0: the formulae are too wide for the line width in print. Here is an
alpar@0: example of an equation  (see equation 6) which is perfect in a
alpar@0: single column preprint format:
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \bigskip
alpar@0: \setlength\Sep{6pt}
alpar@0: \src{See equation (6)}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{blue!70}
alpar@0: \includeclip{4}{134 391 483 584}{els1.pdf}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{orange}
alpar@0:                  	
alpar@0: \noindent When this document is typeset for publication in a
alpar@0: model 3+ journal with double columns, the equation will overlap
alpar@0: the second column text matter if the equation is not broken at
alpar@0: the appropriate location.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \vspace*{6pt}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{blue!70}
alpar@0: \src{See equation (6) overprints into second column}
alpar@0: \includeclip{3}{61 531 532 734}{els-3pd.pdf}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{orange}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \pagebreak
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \noindent The typesetter will try to break the equation which
alpar@0: need not necessarily be to the liking of the author or as it
alpar@0: happens, typesetter's break point may be semantically incorrect.
alpar@0: Therefore, authors may check their submissions for the incidence
alpar@0: of such long equations and break the equations at the correct
alpar@0: places so that the final typeset copy will be as they wish.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \section{Final print}\label{sec:final}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: The authors can format their submission to the page size and margins
alpar@0: of their preferred journal.  \file{elsarticle} provides four
alpar@0: class options for the same. But it does not mean that using these
alpar@0: options you can emulate the exact page layout of the final print copy. 
alpar@0: \lmrgn=3em
alpar@0: \begin{description}
alpar@0: \item [\texttt{1p}:] $1+$ journals with a text area of
alpar@0: 384pt $\times$ 562pt or 13.5cm $\times$ 19.75cm or 5.3in $\times$
alpar@0: 7.78in, single column style only.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item [\texttt{3p}:] $3+$ journals with a text area of 468pt
alpar@0: $\times$ 622pt or 16.45cm $\times$ 21.9cm or 6.5in $\times$
alpar@0: 8.6in, single column style.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item [\texttt{twocolumn}:] should be used along with 3p option if the
alpar@0: journal is $3+$ with the same text area as above, but double column
alpar@0: style. 
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \item [\texttt{5p}:] $5+$ with text area of 522pt $\times$
alpar@0: 682pt or 18.35cm $\times$ 24cm or 7.22in $\times$ 9.45in,
alpar@0: double column style only.
alpar@0: \end{description}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: Following pages have the clippings of different parts of
alpar@0: the title page of different journal models typeset in final
alpar@0: format.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: Model $1+$ and $3+$  will have the same look and
alpar@0: feel in the typeset copy when presented in this document. That is
alpar@0: also the case with the double column $3+$ and $5+$ journal article
alpar@0: pages. The only difference will be wider text width of
alpar@0: higher models.  Therefore we will look at the
alpar@0: different portions of a typical single column journal page and
alpar@0: that of a double column article in the final format.
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \vspace*{2pc}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \begin{center}
alpar@0: \hypertarget{bsc}{}
alpar@0: \hyperlink{sc}{
alpar@0: {\bf [Specimen single column article -- Click here]}
alpar@0: }
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \vspace*{2pc}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \hypertarget{bsc}{}
alpar@0: \hyperlink{dc}{
alpar@0: {\bf [Specimen double column article -- Click here]}
alpar@0: }
alpar@0: \end{center}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \newpage
alpar@0: \vspace*{-2pc}
alpar@0: \src{}\hypertarget{sc}{}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{blue!70}
alpar@0: \hyperlink{bsc}{\includeclip{1}{121 81 497 670}{els1.pdf}}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{orange}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \newpage
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \src{}\hypertarget{dc}{}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{blue!70}
alpar@0: \hyperlink{bsc}{\includeclip{1}{55 93 535 738}{els-3pd.pdf}}
alpar@0: \def\rulecolor{orange}
alpar@0: 
alpar@0: \end{document}