/* -*- C++ -*-
 *
 * This file is a part of LEMON, a generic C++ optimization library
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2003-2006
 * Egervary Jeno Kombinatorikus Optimalizalasi Kutatocsoport
 * (Egervary Research Group on Combinatorial Optimization, EGRES).
 *
 * Permission to use, modify and distribute this software is granted
 * provided that this copyright notice appears in all copies. For
 * precise terms see the accompanying LICENSE file.
 *
 * This software is provided "AS IS" with no warranty of any kind,
 * express or implied, and with no claim as to its suitability for any
 * purpose.
 *
 */

#ifndef LEMON_RANDOM_H
#define LEMON_RANDOM_H

#include <algorithm>
#include <iterator>
#include <vector>

#include <ctime>
#include <cmath>

///\ingroup misc
///\file
///\brief Mersenne Twister random number generator
///
///\author Balazs Dezso

namespace lemon {

  namespace _random_bits {
    
    template <typename _Word, int _bits = std::numeric_limits<_Word>::digits>
    struct RandomTraits {};

    template <typename _Word>
    struct RandomTraits<_Word, 32> {

      typedef _Word Word;
      static const int bits = 32;

      static const int length = 624;
      static const int shift = 397;
      
      static const Word mul = 0x6c078965u;
      static const Word arrayInit = 0x012BD6AAu;
      static const Word arrayMul1 = 0x0019660Du;
      static const Word arrayMul2 = 0x5D588B65u;

      static const Word mask = 0x9908B0DFu;
      static const Word loMask = (1u << 31) - 1;
      static const Word hiMask = ~loMask;


      static Word tempering(Word rnd) {
        rnd ^= (rnd >> 11);
        rnd ^= (rnd << 7) & 0x9D2C5680u;
        rnd ^= (rnd << 15) & 0xEFC60000u;
        rnd ^= (rnd >> 18);
        return rnd;
      }

    };

    template <typename _Word>
    struct RandomTraits<_Word, 64> {

      typedef _Word Word;
      static const int bits = 64;

      static const int length = 312;
      static const int shift = 156;

      static const Word mul = (Word)0x5851F42Du << 32 | (Word)0x4C957F2Du;
      static const Word arrayInit = (Word)0x00000000u << 32 |(Word)0x012BD6AAu;
      static const Word arrayMul1 = (Word)0x369DEA0Fu << 32 |(Word)0x31A53F85u;
      static const Word arrayMul2 = (Word)0x27BB2EE6u << 32 |(Word)0x87B0B0FDu;

      static const Word mask = (Word)0xB5026F5Au << 32 | (Word)0xA96619E9u;
      static const Word loMask = ((Word)1u << 31) - 1;
      static const Word hiMask = ~loMask;

      static Word tempering(Word rnd) {
        rnd ^= (rnd >> 29) & ((Word)0x55555555u << 32 | (Word)0x55555555u);
        rnd ^= (rnd << 17) & ((Word)0x71D67FFFu << 32 | (Word)0xEDA60000u);
        rnd ^= (rnd << 37) & ((Word)0xFFF7EEE0u << 32 | (Word)0x00000000u);
        rnd ^= (rnd >> 43);
        return rnd;
      }

    };

    template <typename _Word>
    class RandomCore {
    public:

      typedef _Word Word;

    private:

      static const int bits = RandomTraits<Word>::bits;

      static const int length = RandomTraits<Word>::length;
      static const int shift = RandomTraits<Word>::shift;

    public:

      void initState() {
        static const Word seedArray[4] = {
          0x12345u, 0x23456u, 0x34567u, 0x45678u
        };
    
        initState(seedArray, seedArray + 4);
      }

      void initState(Word seed) {

        static const Word mul = RandomTraits<Word>::mul;

        current = state; 

        Word *curr = state + length - 1;
        curr[0] = seed; --curr;
        for (int i = 1; i < length; ++i) {
          curr[0] = (mul * ( curr[1] ^ (curr[1] >> (bits - 2)) ) + i);
          --curr;
        }
      }

      template <typename Iterator>
      void initState(Iterator begin, Iterator end) {

        static const Word init = RandomTraits<Word>::arrayInit;
        static const Word mul1 = RandomTraits<Word>::arrayMul1;
        static const Word mul2 = RandomTraits<Word>::arrayMul2;


        Word *curr = state + length - 1; --curr;
        Iterator it = begin; int cnt = 0;
        int num;

        initState(init);

        num = length > end - begin ? length : end - begin;
        while (num--) {
          curr[0] = (curr[0] ^ ((curr[1] ^ (curr[1] >> (bits - 2))) * mul1)) 
            + *it + cnt;
          ++it; ++cnt;
          if (it == end) {
            it = begin; cnt = 0;
          }
          if (curr == state) {
            curr = state + length - 1; curr[0] = state[0];
          }
          --curr;
        }

        num = length - 1; cnt = length - (curr - state) - 1;
        while (num--) {
          curr[0] = (curr[0] ^ ((curr[1] ^ (curr[1] >> (bits - 2))) * mul2))
            - cnt;
          --curr; ++cnt;
          if (curr == state) {
            curr = state + length - 1; curr[0] = state[0]; --curr;
            cnt = 1;
          }
        }
        
        state[length - 1] = (Word)1 << (bits - 1);
      }
      
      void copyState(const RandomCore& other) {
        std::copy(other.state, other.state + length, state);
        current = state + (other.current - other.state);
      }

      Word operator()() {
        if (current == state) fillState();
        --current;
        Word rnd = *current;
        return RandomTraits<Word>::tempering(rnd);
      }

    private:

  
      void fillState() {
        static const Word mask[2] = { 0x0ul, RandomTraits<Word>::mask };
        static const Word loMask = RandomTraits<Word>::loMask;
        static const Word hiMask = RandomTraits<Word>::hiMask;

        current = state + length; 

        register Word *curr = state + length - 1;
        register long num;
      
        num = length - shift;
        while (num--) {
          curr[0] = (((curr[0] & hiMask) | (curr[-1] & loMask)) >> 1) ^
            curr[- shift] ^ mask[curr[-1] & 1ul];
          --curr;
        }
        num = shift - 1;
        while (num--) {
          curr[0] = (((curr[0] & hiMask) | (curr[-1] & loMask)) >> 1) ^
            curr[length - shift] ^ mask[curr[-1] & 1ul];
          --curr;
        }
        curr[0] = (((curr[0] & hiMask) | (curr[length - 1] & loMask)) >> 1) ^
          curr[length - shift] ^ mask[curr[length - 1] & 1ul];

      }

  
      Word *current;
      Word state[length];
      
    };


    template <typename Result, 
              int shift = (std::numeric_limits<Result>::digits + 1) / 2>
    struct Masker {
      static Result mask(const Result& result) {
        return Masker<Result, (shift + 1) / 2>::
          mask((Result)(result | (result >> shift)));
      }
    };
    
    template <typename Result>
    struct Masker<Result, 1> {
      static Result mask(const Result& result) {
        return (Result)(result | (result >> 1));
      }
    };

    template <typename Result, typename Word, 
              int rest = std::numeric_limits<Result>::digits, int shift = 0, 
              bool last = rest <= std::numeric_limits<Word>::digits>
    struct IntConversion {
      static const int bits = std::numeric_limits<Word>::digits;
    
      static Result convert(RandomCore<Word>& rnd) {
        return (Result)(rnd() >> (bits - rest)) << shift;
      }
      
    }; 

    template <typename Result, typename Word, int rest, int shift> 
    struct IntConversion<Result, Word, rest, shift, false> {
      static const int bits = std::numeric_limits<Word>::digits;

      static Result convert(RandomCore<Word>& rnd) {
        return ((Result)rnd() << shift) | 
          IntConversion<Result, Word, rest - bits, shift + bits>::convert(rnd);
      }
    };


    template <typename Result, typename Word,
              bool one_word = std::numeric_limits<Word>::digits < 
                              std::numeric_limits<Result>::digits>
    struct Mapping {
      static Result map(RandomCore<Word>& rnd, const Result& bound) {
        Word max = (Word)(bound - 1);
        Result mask = Masker<Result>::mask(bound - 1);
        Result num;
        do {
          num = IntConversion<Result, Word>::convert(rnd) & mask; 
        } while (num > max);
        return num;
      }
    };

    template <typename Result, typename Word>
    struct Mapping<Result, Word, false> {
      static Result map(RandomCore<Word>& rnd, const Result& bound) {
        Word max = (Word)(bound - 1);
        Word mask = Masker<Word, (std::numeric_limits<Result>::digits + 1) / 2>
          ::mask(max);
        Word num;
        do {
          num = rnd() & mask;
        } while (num > max);
        return num;
      }
    };

    template <typename Result, int exp, bool pos = (exp >= 0)>
    struct ShiftMultiplier {
      static const Result multiplier() {
        Result res = ShiftMultiplier<Result, exp / 2>::multiplier();
        res *= res;
        if ((exp & 1) == 1) res *= (Result)2.0;
        return res; 
      }
    };

    template <typename Result, int exp>
    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, exp, false> {
      static const Result multiplier() {
        Result res = ShiftMultiplier<Result, exp / 2>::multiplier();
        res *= res;
        if ((exp & 1) == 1) res *= (Result)0.5;
        return res; 
      }
    };

    template <typename Result>
    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, 0, true> {
      static const Result multiplier() {
        return (Result)1.0; 
      }
    };

    template <typename Result>
    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, -20, true> {
      static const Result multiplier() {
        return (Result)(1.0/1048576.0); 
      }
    };
    
    template <typename Result>
    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, -32, true> {
      static const Result multiplier() {
        return (Result)(1.0/424967296.0); 
      }
    };

    template <typename Result>
    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, -53, true> {
      static const Result multiplier() {
        return (Result)(1.0/9007199254740992.0); 
      }
    };

    template <typename Result>
    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, -64, true> {
      static const Result multiplier() {
        return (Result)(1.0/18446744073709551616.0); 
      }
    };

    template <typename Result, int exp>
    struct Shifting {
      static Result shift(const Result& result) {
        return result * ShiftMultiplier<Result, exp>::multiplier();
      }
    };

    template <typename Result, typename Word,
              int rest = std::numeric_limits<Result>::digits, int shift = 0, 
              bool last = rest <= std::numeric_limits<Word>::digits>
    struct RealConversion{ 
      static const int bits = std::numeric_limits<Word>::digits;

      static Result convert(RandomCore<Word>& rnd) {
        return Shifting<Result, - shift - rest>::
          shift((Result)(rnd() >> (bits - rest)));
      }
    };

    template <typename Result, typename Word, int rest, int shift>
    struct RealConversion<Result, Word, rest, shift, false> { 
      static const int bits = std::numeric_limits<Word>::digits;

      static Result convert(RandomCore<Word>& rnd) {
        return Shifting<Result, - shift - bits>::shift((Result)rnd()) +
          RealConversion<Result, Word, rest-bits, shift + bits>::convert(rnd);
      }
    };

    template <typename Result, typename Word>
    struct Initializer {

      template <typename Iterator>
      static void init(RandomCore<Word>& rnd, Iterator begin, Iterator end) {
        std::vector<Word> ws;
        for (Iterator it = begin; it != end; ++it) {
          ws.push_back((Word)*it);
        }
        rnd.initState(ws.begin(), ws.end());
      }

      static void init(RandomCore<Word>& rnd, Result seed) {
        rnd.initState(seed);
      }
    };

    template <typename Word>
    struct BoolConversion {
      static bool convert(RandomCore<Word>& rnd) {
        return (rnd() & 1) == 1;
      }
    };

  }

  /// \ingroup misc
  ///
  /// \brief Mersenne Twister random number generator
  ///
  /// The Mersenne Twister is a twisted generalized feedback
  /// shift-register generator of Matsumoto and Nishimura. The period
  /// of this generator is \f$ 2^{19937} - 1 \f$ and it is
  /// equi-distributed in 623 dimensions for 32-bit numbers. The time
  /// performance of this generator is comparable to the commonly used
  /// generators.
  ///
  /// This implementation is specialized for both 32-bit and 64-bit
  /// architectures. The generators differ sligthly in the
  /// initialization and generation phase so they produce two
  /// completly different sequences.
  ///
  /// The generator gives back random numbers of serveral types. To
  /// get a random number from a range of a floating point type you
  /// can use one form of the \c operator() or the \c real() member
  /// function. If you want to get random number from the {0, 1, ...,
  /// n-1} integer range use the \c operator[] or the \c integer()
  /// method. And to get random number from the whole range of an
  /// integer type you can use the argumentless \c integer() or \c
  /// uinteger() functions. After all you can get random bool with
  /// equal chance of true and false or given probability of true
  /// result with the \c boolean() member functions.
  ///
  ///\code
  /// // The commented code is identical to the other
  /// double a = rnd();                     // [0.0, 1.0)
  /// // double a = rnd.real();             // [0.0, 1.0)
  /// double b = rnd(100.0);                // [0.0, 100.0)
  /// // double b = rnd.real(100.0);        // [0.0, 100.0)
  /// double c = rnd(1.0, 2.0);             // [1.0, 2.0)
  /// // double c = rnd.real(1.0, 2.0);     // [1.0, 2.0)
  /// int d = rnd[100000];                  // 0..99999
  /// // int d = rnd.integer(100000);       // 0..99999
  /// int e = rnd[6] + 1;                   // 1..6
  /// // int e = rnd.integer(1, 1 + 6);     // 1..6
  /// int b = rnd.uinteger<int>();          // 0 .. 2^31 - 1
  /// int c = rnd.integer<int>();           // - 2^31 .. 2^31 - 1
  /// bool g = rnd.boolean();               // P(g = true) = 0.5
  /// bool h = rnd.boolean(0.8);            // P(h = true) = 0.8
  ///\endcode
  ///
  /// The lemon provides a global instance of the random number
  /// generator which name is \ref lemon::rnd "rnd". Usually it is a
  /// good programming convenience to use this global generator to get
  /// random numbers.
  ///
  /// \author Balazs Dezso
  class Random {
  private:

    // architecture word
    typedef unsigned long Word;
    
    _random_bits::RandomCore<Word> core;

  public:

    /// \brief Constructor
    ///
    /// Constructor with constant seeding.
    Random() { core.initState(); }

    /// \brief Constructor
    ///
    /// Constructor with seed. The current number type will be converted
    /// to the architecture word type.
    template <typename Number>
    Random(Number seed) { 
      _random_bits::Initializer<Number, Word>::init(core, seed);
    }

    /// \brief Constructor
    ///
    /// Constructor with array seeding. The given range should contain
    /// any number type and the numbers will be converted to the
    /// architecture word type.
    template <typename Iterator>
    Random(Iterator begin, Iterator end) { 
      typedef typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type Number;
      _random_bits::Initializer<Number, Word>::init(core, begin, end);
    }

    /// \brief Copy constructor
    ///
    /// Copy constructor. The generated sequence will be identical to
    /// the other sequence. It can be used to save the current state
    /// of the generator and later use it to generate the same
    /// sequence.
    Random(const Random& other) {
      core.copyState(other.core);
    }

    /// \brief Assign operator
    ///
    /// Assign operator. The generated sequence will be identical to
    /// the other sequence. It can be used to save the current state
    /// of the generator and later use it to generate the same
    /// sequence.
    Random& operator=(const Random& other) {
      if (&other != this) {
        core.copyState(other.core);
      }
      return *this;
    }

    /// \brief Returns a random real number from the range [0, 1)
    ///
    /// It returns a random real number from the range [0, 1). The
    /// default Number type is double.
    template <typename Number>
    Number real() {
      return _random_bits::RealConversion<Number, Word>::convert(core);
    }

    double real() {
      return real<double>();
    }

    /// \brief Returns a random real number the range [0, b)
    ///
    /// It returns a random real number from the range [0, b).
    template <typename Number>
    Number real(Number b) { 
      return real<Number>() * b; 
    }

    /// \brief Returns a random real number from the range [a, b)
    ///
    /// It returns a random real number from the range [a, b).
    template <typename Number>
    Number real(Number a, Number b) { 
      return real<Number>() * (b - a) + a; 
    }

    /// \brief Returns a random real number from the range [0, 1)
    ///
    /// It returns a random double from the range [0, 1).
    double operator()() {
      return real<double>();
    }

    /// \brief Returns a random real number from the range [0, b)
    ///
    /// It returns a random real number from the range [0, b).
    template <typename Number>
    Number operator()(Number b) { 
      return real<Number>() * b; 
    }

    /// \brief Returns a random real number from the range [a, b)
    ///
    /// It returns a random real number from the range [a, b).
    template <typename Number>
    Number operator()(Number a, Number b) { 
      return real<Number>() * (b - a) + a; 
    }

    /// \brief Returns a random integer from a range
    ///
    /// It returns a random integer from the range {0, 1, ..., b - 1}.
    template <typename Number>
    Number integer(Number b) {
      return _random_bits::Mapping<Number, Word>::map(core, b);
    }

    /// \brief Returns a random integer from a range
    ///
    /// It returns a random integer from the range {a, a + 1, ..., b - 1}.
    template <typename Number>
    Number integer(Number a, Number b) {
      return _random_bits::Mapping<Number, Word>::map(core, b - a) + a;
    }

    /// \brief Returns a random integer from a range
    ///
    /// It returns a random integer from the range {0, 1, ..., b - 1}.
    template <typename Number>
    Number operator[](Number b) {
      return _random_bits::Mapping<Number, Word>::map(core, b);
    }

    /// \brief Returns a random non-negative integer
    ///
    /// It returns a random non-negative integer uniformly from the
    /// whole range of the current \c Number type.  The default result
    /// type of this function is unsigned int.
    template <typename Number>
    Number uinteger() {
      return _random_bits::IntConversion<Number, Word>::convert(core);
    }

    unsigned int uinteger() {
      return uinteger<unsigned int>();
    }

    /// \brief Returns a random integer
    ///
    /// It returns a random integer uniformly from the whole range of
    /// the current \c Number type. The default result type of this
    /// function is int.
    template <typename Number>
    Number integer() {
      static const int nb = std::numeric_limits<Number>::digits + 
        (std::numeric_limits<Number>::is_signed ? 1 : 0);
      return _random_bits::IntConversion<Number, Word, nb>::convert(core);
    }

    int integer() {
      return integer<int>();
    }
    
    /// \brief Returns a random bool
    ///
    /// It returns a random bool
    bool boolean() {
      return _random_bits::BoolConversion<Word>::convert(core);
    }

    ///\name Nonuniform distributions
    ///
    
    ///@{
    
    /// \brief Returns a random bool
    ///
    /// It returns a random bool with given probability of true result
    bool boolean(double p) {
      return operator()() < p;
    }

    /// Standard Gauss distribution

    /// Standard Gauss distribution.
    /// \note The Cartesian form of the Box-Muller
    /// transformation is used to generate a random normal distribution.
    /// \todo Consider using the "ziggurat" method instead.
    double gauss() 
    {
      double V1,V2,S;
      do {
	V1=2*real<double>()-1;
	V2=2*real<double>()-1;
	S=V1*V1+V2*V2;
      } while(S>=1);
      return std::sqrt(-2*std::log(S)/S)*V1;
    }
    /// Gauss distribution with given standard deviation and mean 0

    /// \sa gauss()
    ///
    double gauss(double std_dev) 
    {
      return gauss()*std_dev;
    }
    /// Gauss distribution with given mean and standard deviation

    /// \sa gauss()
    ///
    double gauss(double mean,double std_dev)
    {
      return gauss()*std_dev+mean;
    }

    /// Exponential distribution with given mean

    /// This function generates an exponential distribution random number
    /// with mean <tt>1/lambda</tt>.
    ///
    double exponential(double lambda=1.0)
    {
      return -log(real<double>())/lambda;
    }

    ///@}
    
  };


  extern Random rnd;

}

#endif