1 | /* -*- C++ -*- |
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2 | * |
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3 | * This file is a part of LEMON, a generic C++ optimization library |
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4 | * |
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5 | * Copyright (C) 2003-2006 |
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6 | * Egervary Jeno Kombinatorikus Optimalizalasi Kutatocsoport |
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7 | * (Egervary Research Group on Combinatorial Optimization, EGRES). |
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8 | * |
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9 | * Permission to use, modify and distribute this software is granted |
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10 | * provided that this copyright notice appears in all copies. For |
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11 | * precise terms see the accompanying LICENSE file. |
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12 | * |
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13 | * This software is provided "AS IS" with no warranty of any kind, |
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14 | * express or implied, and with no claim as to its suitability for any |
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15 | * purpose. |
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16 | * |
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17 | */ |
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18 | |
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19 | #ifndef LEMON_UNION_FIND_H |
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20 | #define LEMON_UNION_FIND_H |
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21 | |
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22 | //!\ingroup auxdat |
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23 | //!\file |
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24 | //!\brief Union-Find data structures. |
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25 | //! |
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26 | |
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27 | #include <vector> |
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28 | #include <list> |
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29 | #include <utility> |
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30 | #include <algorithm> |
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31 | |
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32 | #include <lemon/bits/invalid.h> |
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33 | |
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34 | namespace lemon { |
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35 | |
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36 | /// \ingroup auxdat |
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37 | /// |
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38 | /// \brief A \e Union-Find data structure implementation |
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39 | /// |
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40 | /// The class implements the \e Union-Find data structure. |
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41 | /// The union operation uses rank heuristic, while |
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42 | /// the find operation uses path compression. |
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43 | /// This is a very simple but efficient implementation, providing |
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44 | /// only four methods: join (union), find, insert and size. |
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45 | /// For more features see the \ref UnionFindEnum class. |
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46 | /// |
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47 | /// It is primarily used in Kruskal algorithm for finding minimal |
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48 | /// cost spanning tree in a graph. |
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49 | /// \sa kruskal() |
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50 | /// |
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51 | /// \pre You need to add all the elements by the \ref insert() |
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52 | /// method. |
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53 | template <typename _ItemIntMap> |
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54 | class UnionFind { |
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55 | public: |
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56 | |
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57 | typedef _ItemIntMap ItemIntMap; |
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58 | typedef typename ItemIntMap::Key Item; |
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59 | |
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60 | private: |
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61 | // If the items vector stores negative value for an item then |
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62 | // that item is root item and it has -items[it] component size. |
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63 | // Else the items[it] contains the index of the parent. |
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64 | std::vector<int> items; |
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65 | ItemIntMap& index; |
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66 | |
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67 | bool rep(int idx) const { |
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68 | return items[idx] < 0; |
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69 | } |
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70 | |
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71 | int repIndex(int idx) const { |
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72 | int k = idx; |
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73 | while (!rep(k)) { |
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74 | k = items[k] ; |
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75 | } |
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76 | while (idx != k) { |
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77 | int next = items[idx]; |
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78 | const_cast<int&>(items[idx]) = k; |
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79 | idx = next; |
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80 | } |
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81 | return k; |
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82 | } |
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83 | |
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84 | public: |
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85 | |
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86 | /// \brief Constructor |
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87 | /// |
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88 | /// Constructor of the UnionFind class. You should give an item to |
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89 | /// integer map which will be used from the data structure. If you |
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90 | /// modify directly this map that may cause segmentation fault, |
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91 | /// invalid data structure, or infinite loop when you use again |
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92 | /// the union-find. |
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93 | UnionFind(ItemIntMap& m) : index(m) {} |
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94 | |
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95 | /// \brief Returns the index of the element's component. |
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96 | /// |
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97 | /// The method returns the index of the element's component. |
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98 | /// This is an integer between zero and the number of inserted elements. |
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99 | /// |
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100 | int find(const Item& a) { |
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101 | return repIndex(index[a]); |
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102 | } |
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103 | |
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104 | /// \brief Inserts a new element into the structure. |
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105 | /// |
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106 | /// This method inserts a new element into the data structure. |
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107 | /// |
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108 | /// The method returns the index of the new component. |
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109 | int insert(const Item& a) { |
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110 | int n = items.size(); |
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111 | items.push_back(-1); |
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112 | index.set(a,n); |
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113 | return n; |
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114 | } |
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115 | |
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116 | /// \brief Joining the components of element \e a and element \e b. |
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117 | /// |
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118 | /// This is the \e union operation of the Union-Find structure. |
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119 | /// Joins the component of element \e a and component of |
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120 | /// element \e b. If \e a and \e b are in the same component then |
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121 | /// it returns false otherwise it returns true. |
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122 | bool join(const Item& a, const Item& b) { |
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123 | int ka = repIndex(index[a]); |
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124 | int kb = repIndex(index[b]); |
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125 | |
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126 | if ( ka == kb ) |
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127 | return false; |
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128 | |
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129 | if (items[ka] < items[kb]) { |
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130 | items[ka] += items[kb]; |
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131 | items[kb] = ka; |
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132 | } else { |
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133 | items[kb] += items[ka]; |
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134 | items[ka] = kb; |
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135 | } |
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136 | return true; |
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137 | } |
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138 | |
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139 | /// \brief Returns the size of the component of element \e a. |
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140 | /// |
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141 | /// Returns the size of the component of element \e a. |
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142 | int size(const Item& a) { |
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143 | int k = repIndex(index[a]); |
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144 | return - items[k]; |
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145 | } |
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146 | |
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147 | }; |
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148 | |
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149 | /// \ingroup auxdat |
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150 | /// |
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151 | /// \brief A \e Union-Find data structure implementation which |
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152 | /// is able to enumerate the components. |
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153 | /// |
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154 | /// The class implements a \e Union-Find data structure |
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155 | /// which is able to enumerate the components and the items in |
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156 | /// a component. If you don't need this feature then perhaps it's |
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157 | /// better to use the \ref UnionFind class which is more efficient. |
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158 | /// |
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159 | /// The union operation uses rank heuristic, while |
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160 | /// the find operation uses path compression. |
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161 | /// |
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162 | /// \pre You need to add all the elements by the \ref insert() |
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163 | /// method. |
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164 | /// |
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165 | template <typename _ItemIntMap> |
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166 | class UnionFindEnum { |
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167 | public: |
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168 | |
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169 | typedef _ItemIntMap ItemIntMap; |
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170 | typedef typename ItemIntMap::Key Item; |
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171 | |
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172 | private: |
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173 | |
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174 | // If the parent stores negative value for an item then that item |
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175 | // is root item and it has -items[it].parent component size. Else |
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176 | // the items[it].parent contains the index of the parent. |
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177 | // |
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178 | // The \c nextItem and \c prevItem provides the double-linked |
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179 | // cyclic list of one component's items. The \c prevClass and |
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180 | // \c nextClass gives the double linked list of the representant |
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181 | // items. |
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182 | struct ItemT { |
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183 | int parent; |
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184 | Item item; |
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185 | |
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186 | int nextItem, prevItem; |
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187 | int nextClass, prevClass; |
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188 | }; |
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189 | |
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190 | std::vector<ItemT> items; |
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191 | ItemIntMap& index; |
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192 | |
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193 | int firstClass; |
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194 | |
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195 | |
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196 | bool rep(int idx) const { |
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197 | return items[idx].parent < 0; |
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198 | } |
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199 | |
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200 | int repIndex(int idx) const { |
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201 | int k = idx; |
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202 | while (!rep(k)) { |
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203 | k = items[k].parent; |
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204 | } |
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205 | while (idx != k) { |
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206 | int next = items[idx].parent; |
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207 | const_cast<int&>(items[idx].parent) = k; |
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208 | idx = next; |
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209 | } |
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210 | return k; |
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211 | } |
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212 | |
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213 | void unlaceClass(int k) { |
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214 | if (items[k].prevClass != -1) { |
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215 | items[items[k].prevClass].nextClass = items[k].nextClass; |
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216 | } else { |
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217 | firstClass = items[k].nextClass; |
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218 | } |
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219 | if (items[k].nextClass != -1) { |
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220 | items[items[k].nextClass].prevClass = items[k].prevClass; |
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221 | } |
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222 | } |
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223 | |
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224 | void spliceItems(int ak, int bk) { |
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225 | items[items[ak].prevItem].nextItem = bk; |
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226 | items[items[bk].prevItem].nextItem = ak; |
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227 | int tmp = items[ak].prevItem; |
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228 | items[ak].prevItem = items[bk].prevItem; |
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229 | items[bk].prevItem = tmp; |
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230 | |
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231 | } |
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232 | |
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233 | public: |
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234 | |
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235 | UnionFindEnum(ItemIntMap& _index) |
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236 | : items(), index(_index), firstClass(-1) {} |
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237 | |
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238 | /// \brief Inserts the given element into a new component. |
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239 | /// |
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240 | /// This method creates a new component consisting only of the |
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241 | /// given element. |
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242 | /// |
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243 | void insert(const Item& item) { |
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244 | ItemT t; |
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245 | |
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246 | int idx = items.size(); |
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247 | index.set(item, idx); |
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248 | |
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249 | t.nextItem = idx; |
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250 | t.prevItem = idx; |
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251 | t.item = item; |
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252 | t.parent = -1; |
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253 | |
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254 | t.nextClass = firstClass; |
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255 | if (firstClass != -1) { |
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256 | items[firstClass].prevClass = idx; |
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257 | } |
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258 | t.prevClass = -1; |
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259 | firstClass = idx; |
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260 | |
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261 | items.push_back(t); |
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262 | } |
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263 | |
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264 | /// \brief Inserts the given element into the component of the others. |
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265 | /// |
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266 | /// This methods inserts the element \e a into the component of the |
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267 | /// element \e comp. |
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268 | void insert(const Item& item, const Item& comp) { |
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269 | int k = repIndex(index[comp]); |
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270 | ItemT t; |
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271 | |
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272 | int idx = items.size(); |
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273 | index.set(item, idx); |
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274 | |
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275 | t.prevItem = k; |
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276 | t.nextItem = items[k].nextItem; |
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277 | items[items[k].nextItem].prevItem = idx; |
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278 | items[k].nextItem = idx; |
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279 | |
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280 | t.item = item; |
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281 | t.parent = k; |
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282 | |
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283 | --items[k].parent; |
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284 | |
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285 | items.push_back(t); |
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286 | } |
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287 | |
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288 | /// \brief Finds the leader of the component of the given element. |
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289 | /// |
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290 | /// The method returns the leader of the component of the given element. |
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291 | const Item& find(const Item &item) const { |
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292 | return items[repIndex(index[item])].item; |
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293 | } |
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294 | |
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295 | /// \brief Joining the component of element \e a and element \e b. |
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296 | /// |
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297 | /// This is the \e union operation of the Union-Find structure. |
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298 | /// Joins the component of element \e a and component of |
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299 | /// element \e b. If \e a and \e b are in the same component then |
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300 | /// returns false else returns true. |
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301 | bool join(const Item& a, const Item& b) { |
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302 | |
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303 | int ak = repIndex(index[a]); |
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304 | int bk = repIndex(index[b]); |
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305 | |
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306 | if (ak == bk) { |
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307 | return false; |
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308 | } |
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309 | |
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310 | if ( items[ak].parent < items[bk].parent ) { |
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311 | unlaceClass(bk); |
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312 | items[ak].parent += items[bk].parent; |
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313 | items[bk].parent = ak; |
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314 | } else { |
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315 | unlaceClass(ak); |
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316 | items[bk].parent += items[ak].parent; |
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317 | items[ak].parent = bk; |
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318 | } |
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319 | spliceItems(ak, bk); |
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320 | |
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321 | return true; |
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322 | } |
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323 | |
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324 | /// \brief Returns the size of the component of element \e a. |
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325 | /// |
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326 | /// Returns the size of the component of element \e a. |
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327 | int size(const Item &item) const { |
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328 | return - items[repIndex(index[item])].parent; |
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329 | } |
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330 | |
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331 | /// \brief Splits up the component of the element. |
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332 | /// |
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333 | /// Splitting the component of the element into sigleton |
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334 | /// components (component of size one). |
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335 | void split(const Item &item) { |
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336 | int k = repIndex(index[item]); |
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337 | int idx = items[k].nextItem; |
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338 | while (idx != k) { |
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339 | int next = items[idx].nextItem; |
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340 | |
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341 | items[idx].parent = -1; |
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342 | items[idx].prevItem = idx; |
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343 | items[idx].nextItem = idx; |
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344 | |
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345 | items[idx].nextClass = firstClass; |
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346 | items[firstClass].prevClass = idx; |
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347 | firstClass = idx; |
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348 | |
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349 | idx = next; |
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350 | } |
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351 | |
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352 | items[idx].parent = -1; |
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353 | items[idx].prevItem = idx; |
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354 | items[idx].nextItem = idx; |
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355 | |
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356 | items[firstClass].prevClass = -1; |
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357 | } |
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358 | |
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359 | /// \brief Sets the given element to the leader element of its component. |
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360 | /// |
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361 | /// Sets the given element to the leader element of its component. |
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362 | void makeRep(const Item &item) { |
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363 | int nk = index[item]; |
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364 | int k = repIndex(nk); |
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365 | if (nk == k) return; |
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366 | |
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367 | if (items[k].prevClass != -1) { |
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368 | items[items[k].prevClass].nextClass = nk; |
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369 | } else { |
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370 | firstClass = nk; |
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371 | } |
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372 | if (items[k].nextClass != -1) { |
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373 | items[items[k].nextClass].prevClass = nk; |
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374 | } |
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375 | |
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376 | int idx = items[k].nextItem; |
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377 | while (idx != k) { |
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378 | items[idx].parent = nk; |
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379 | idx = items[idx].nextItem; |
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380 | } |
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381 | |
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382 | items[nk].parent = items[k].parent; |
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383 | items[k].parent = nk; |
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384 | } |
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385 | |
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386 | /// \brief Removes the given element from the structure. |
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387 | /// |
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388 | /// Removes the element from its component and if the component becomes |
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389 | /// empty then removes that component from the component list. |
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390 | /// |
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391 | /// \warning It is an error to remove an element which is not in |
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392 | /// the structure. |
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393 | void erase(const Item &item) { |
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394 | int idx = index[item]; |
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395 | if (rep(idx)) { |
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396 | int k = idx; |
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397 | if (items[k].parent == -1) { |
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398 | unlaceClass(idx); |
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399 | return; |
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400 | } else { |
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401 | int nk = items[k].nextItem; |
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402 | if (items[k].prevClass != -1) { |
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403 | items[items[k].prevClass].nextClass = nk; |
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404 | } else { |
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405 | firstClass = nk; |
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406 | } |
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407 | if (items[k].nextClass != -1) { |
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408 | items[items[k].nextClass].prevClass = nk; |
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409 | } |
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410 | |
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411 | int idx = items[k].nextItem; |
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412 | while (idx != k) { |
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413 | items[idx].parent = nk; |
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414 | idx = items[idx].nextItem; |
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415 | } |
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416 | |
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417 | items[nk].parent = items[k].parent + 1; |
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418 | } |
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419 | } else { |
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420 | |
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421 | int k = repIndex(idx); |
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422 | idx = items[k].nextItem; |
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423 | while (idx != k) { |
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424 | items[idx].parent = k; |
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425 | idx = items[idx].nextItem; |
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426 | } |
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427 | |
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428 | ++items[k].parent; |
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429 | } |
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430 | |
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431 | idx = index[item]; |
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432 | items[items[idx].prevItem].nextItem = items[idx].nextItem; |
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433 | items[items[idx].nextItem].prevItem = items[idx].prevItem; |
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434 | |
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435 | } |
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436 | |
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437 | /// \brief Moves the given element to another component. |
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438 | /// |
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439 | /// This method moves the element \e a from its component |
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440 | /// to the component of \e comp. |
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441 | /// If \e a and \e comp are in the same component then |
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442 | /// it returns false otherwise it returns true. |
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443 | bool move(const Item &item, const Item &comp) { |
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444 | if (repIndex(index[item]) == repIndex(index[comp])) return false; |
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445 | erase(item); |
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446 | insert(item, comp); |
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447 | return true; |
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448 | } |
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449 | |
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450 | |
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451 | /// \brief Removes the component of the given element from the structure. |
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452 | /// |
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453 | /// Removes the component of the given element from the structure. |
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454 | /// |
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455 | /// \warning It is an error to give an element which is not in the |
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456 | /// structure. |
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457 | void eraseClass(const Item &item) { |
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458 | unlaceClass(repIndex(index[item])); |
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459 | } |
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460 | |
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461 | /// \brief Lemon style iterator for the representant items. |
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462 | /// |
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463 | /// ClassIt is a lemon style iterator for the components. It iterates |
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464 | /// on the representant items of the classes. |
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465 | class ClassIt { |
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466 | public: |
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467 | /// \brief Constructor of the iterator |
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468 | /// |
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469 | /// Constructor of the iterator |
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470 | ClassIt(const UnionFindEnum& ufe) : unionFind(&ufe) { |
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471 | idx = unionFind->firstClass; |
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472 | } |
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473 | |
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474 | /// \brief Constructor to get invalid iterator |
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475 | /// |
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476 | /// Constructor to get invalid iterator |
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477 | ClassIt(Invalid) : unionFind(0), idx(-1) {} |
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478 | |
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479 | /// \brief Increment operator |
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480 | /// |
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481 | /// It steps to the next representant item. |
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482 | ClassIt& operator++() { |
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483 | idx = unionFind->items[idx].nextClass; |
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484 | return *this; |
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485 | } |
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486 | |
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487 | /// \brief Conversion operator |
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488 | /// |
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489 | /// It converts the iterator to the current representant item. |
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490 | operator const Item&() const { |
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491 | return unionFind->items[idx].item; |
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492 | } |
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493 | |
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494 | /// \brief Equality operator |
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495 | /// |
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496 | /// Equality operator |
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497 | bool operator==(const ClassIt& i) { |
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498 | return i.idx == idx; |
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499 | } |
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500 | |
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501 | /// \brief Inequality operator |
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502 | /// |
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503 | /// Inequality operator |
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504 | bool operator!=(const ClassIt& i) { |
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505 | return i.idx != idx; |
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506 | } |
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507 | |
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508 | private: |
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509 | const UnionFindEnum* unionFind; |
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510 | int idx; |
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511 | }; |
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512 | |
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513 | /// \brief Lemon style iterator for the items of a component. |
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514 | /// |
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515 | /// ClassIt is a lemon style iterator for the components. It iterates |
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516 | /// on the items of a class. By example if you want to iterate on |
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517 | /// each items of each classes then you may write the next code. |
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518 | ///\code |
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519 | /// for (ClassIt cit(ufe); cit != INVALID; ++cit) { |
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520 | /// std::cout << "Class: "; |
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521 | /// for (ItemIt iit(ufe, cit); iit != INVALID; ++iit) { |
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522 | /// std::cout << toString(iit) << ' ' << std::endl; |
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523 | /// } |
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524 | /// std::cout << std::endl; |
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525 | /// } |
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526 | ///\endcode |
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527 | class ItemIt { |
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528 | public: |
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529 | /// \brief Constructor of the iterator |
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530 | /// |
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531 | /// Constructor of the iterator. The iterator iterates |
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532 | /// on the class of the \c item. |
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533 | ItemIt(const UnionFindEnum& ufe, const Item& item) : unionFind(&ufe) { |
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534 | idx = unionFind->repIndex(unionFind->index[item]); |
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535 | } |
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536 | |
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537 | /// \brief Constructor to get invalid iterator |
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538 | /// |
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539 | /// Constructor to get invalid iterator |
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540 | ItemIt(Invalid) : unionFind(0), idx(-1) {} |
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541 | |
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542 | /// \brief Increment operator |
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543 | /// |
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544 | /// It steps to the next item in the class. |
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545 | ItemIt& operator++() { |
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546 | idx = unionFind->items[idx].nextItem; |
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547 | if (unionFind->rep(idx)) idx = -1; |
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548 | return *this; |
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549 | } |
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550 | |
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551 | /// \brief Conversion operator |
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552 | /// |
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553 | /// It converts the iterator to the current item. |
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554 | operator const Item&() const { |
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555 | return unionFind->items[idx].item; |
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556 | } |
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557 | |
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558 | /// \brief Equality operator |
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559 | /// |
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560 | /// Equality operator |
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561 | bool operator==(const ItemIt& i) { |
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562 | return i.idx == idx; |
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563 | } |
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564 | |
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565 | /// \brief Inequality operator |
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566 | /// |
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567 | /// Inequality operator |
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568 | bool operator!=(const ItemIt& i) { |
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569 | return i.idx != idx; |
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570 | } |
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571 | |
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572 | private: |
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573 | const UnionFindEnum* unionFind; |
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574 | int idx; |
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575 | }; |
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576 | |
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577 | }; |
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578 | |
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579 | |
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580 | //! @} |
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581 | |
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582 | } //namespace lemon |
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583 | |
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584 | #endif //LEMON_UNION_FIND_H |
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