COIN-OR::LEMON - Graph Library

source: lemon/lemon/unionfind.h @ 1270:dceba191c00d

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1/* -*- mode: C++; indent-tabs-mode: nil; -*-
2 *
3 * This file is a part of LEMON, a generic C++ optimization library.
4 *
5 * Copyright (C) 2003-2013
6 * Egervary Jeno Kombinatorikus Optimalizalasi Kutatocsoport
7 * (Egervary Research Group on Combinatorial Optimization, EGRES).
8 *
9 * Permission to use, modify and distribute this software is granted
10 * provided that this copyright notice appears in all copies. For
11 * precise terms see the accompanying LICENSE file.
12 *
13 * This software is provided "AS IS" with no warranty of any kind,
14 * express or implied, and with no claim as to its suitability for any
15 * purpose.
16 *
17 */
18
19#ifndef LEMON_UNION_FIND_H
20#define LEMON_UNION_FIND_H
21
22//!\ingroup auxdat
23//!\file
24//!\brief Union-Find data structures.
25//!
26
27#include <vector>
28#include <list>
29#include <utility>
30#include <algorithm>
31#include <functional>
32
33#include <lemon/core.h>
34
35namespace lemon {
36
37  /// \ingroup auxdat
38  ///
39  /// \brief A \e Union-Find data structure implementation
40  ///
41  /// The class implements the \e Union-Find data structure.
42  /// The union operation uses rank heuristic, while
43  /// the find operation uses path compression.
44  /// This is a very simple but efficient implementation, providing
45  /// only four methods: join (union), find, insert and size.
46  /// For more features, see the \ref UnionFindEnum class.
47  ///
48  /// It is primarily used in Kruskal algorithm for finding minimal
49  /// cost spanning tree in a graph.
50  /// \sa kruskal()
51  ///
52  /// \pre You need to add all the elements by the \ref insert()
53  /// method.
54  template <typename IM>
55  class UnionFind {
56  public:
57
58    ///\e
59    typedef IM ItemIntMap;
60    ///\e
61    typedef typename ItemIntMap::Key Item;
62
63  private:
64    // If the items vector stores negative value for an item then
65    // that item is root item and it has -items[it] component size.
66    // Else the items[it] contains the index of the parent.
67    std::vector<int> items;
68    ItemIntMap& index;
69
70    bool rep(int idx) const {
71      return items[idx] < 0;
72    }
73
74    int repIndex(int idx) const {
75      int k = idx;
76      while (!rep(k)) {
77        k = items[k] ;
78      }
79      while (idx != k) {
80        int next = items[idx];
81        const_cast<int&>(items[idx]) = k;
82        idx = next;
83      }
84      return k;
85    }
86
87  public:
88
89    /// \brief Constructor
90    ///
91    /// Constructor of the UnionFind class. You should give an item to
92    /// integer map which will be used from the data structure. If you
93    /// modify directly this map that may cause segmentation fault,
94    /// invalid data structure, or infinite loop when you use again
95    /// the union-find.
96    UnionFind(ItemIntMap& m) : index(m) {}
97
98    /// \brief Returns the index of the element's component.
99    ///
100    /// The method returns the index of the element's component.
101    /// This is an integer between zero and the number of inserted elements.
102    ///
103    int find(const Item& a) {
104      return repIndex(index[a]);
105    }
106
107    /// \brief Clears the union-find data structure
108    ///
109    /// Erase each item from the data structure.
110    void clear() {
111      items.clear();
112    }
113
114    /// \brief Inserts a new element into the structure.
115    ///
116    /// This method inserts a new element into the data structure.
117    ///
118    /// The method returns the index of the new component.
119    int insert(const Item& a) {
120      int n = items.size();
121      items.push_back(-1);
122      index.set(a,n);
123      return n;
124    }
125
126    /// \brief Joining the components of element \e a and element \e b.
127    ///
128    /// This is the \e union operation of the Union-Find structure.
129    /// Joins the component of element \e a and component of
130    /// element \e b. If \e a and \e b are in the same component then
131    /// it returns false otherwise it returns true.
132    bool join(const Item& a, const Item& b) {
133      int ka = repIndex(index[a]);
134      int kb = repIndex(index[b]);
135
136      if ( ka == kb )
137        return false;
138
139      if (items[ka] < items[kb]) {
140        items[ka] += items[kb];
141        items[kb] = ka;
142      } else {
143        items[kb] += items[ka];
144        items[ka] = kb;
145      }
146      return true;
147    }
148
149    /// \brief Returns the size of the component of element \e a.
150    ///
151    /// Returns the size of the component of element \e a.
152    int size(const Item& a) {
153      int k = repIndex(index[a]);
154      return - items[k];
155    }
156
157  };
158
159  /// \ingroup auxdat
160  ///
161  /// \brief A \e Union-Find data structure implementation which
162  /// is able to enumerate the components.
163  ///
164  /// The class implements a \e Union-Find data structure
165  /// which is able to enumerate the components and the items in
166  /// a component. If you don't need this feature then perhaps it's
167  /// better to use the \ref UnionFind class which is more efficient.
168  ///
169  /// The union operation uses rank heuristic, while
170  /// the find operation uses path compression.
171  ///
172  /// \pre You need to add all the elements by the \ref insert()
173  /// method.
174  ///
175  template <typename IM>
176  class UnionFindEnum {
177  public:
178
179    ///\e
180    typedef IM ItemIntMap;
181    ///\e
182    typedef typename ItemIntMap::Key Item;
183
184  private:
185
186    ItemIntMap& index;
187
188    // If the parent stores negative value for an item then that item
189    // is root item and it has ~(items[it].parent) component id.  Else
190    // the items[it].parent contains the index of the parent.
191    //
192    // The \c next and \c prev provides the double-linked
193    // cyclic list of one component's items.
194    struct ItemT {
195      int parent;
196      Item item;
197
198      int next, prev;
199    };
200
201    std::vector<ItemT> items;
202    int firstFreeItem;
203
204    struct ClassT {
205      int size;
206      int firstItem;
207      int next, prev;
208    };
209
210    std::vector<ClassT> classes;
211    int firstClass, firstFreeClass;
212
213    int newClass() {
214      if (firstFreeClass == -1) {
215        int cdx = classes.size();
216        classes.push_back(ClassT());
217        return cdx;
218      } else {
219        int cdx = firstFreeClass;
220        firstFreeClass = classes[firstFreeClass].next;
221        return cdx;
222      }
223    }
224
225    int newItem() {
226      if (firstFreeItem == -1) {
227        int idx = items.size();
228        items.push_back(ItemT());
229        return idx;
230      } else {
231        int idx = firstFreeItem;
232        firstFreeItem = items[firstFreeItem].next;
233        return idx;
234      }
235    }
236
237
238    bool rep(int idx) const {
239      return items[idx].parent < 0;
240    }
241
242    int repIndex(int idx) const {
243      int k = idx;
244      while (!rep(k)) {
245        k = items[k].parent;
246      }
247      while (idx != k) {
248        int next = items[idx].parent;
249        const_cast<int&>(items[idx].parent) = k;
250        idx = next;
251      }
252      return k;
253    }
254
255    int classIndex(int idx) const {
256      return ~(items[repIndex(idx)].parent);
257    }
258
259    void singletonItem(int idx) {
260      items[idx].next = idx;
261      items[idx].prev = idx;
262    }
263
264    void laceItem(int idx, int rdx) {
265      items[idx].prev = rdx;
266      items[idx].next = items[rdx].next;
267      items[items[rdx].next].prev = idx;
268      items[rdx].next = idx;
269    }
270
271    void unlaceItem(int idx) {
272      items[items[idx].prev].next = items[idx].next;
273      items[items[idx].next].prev = items[idx].prev;
274
275      items[idx].next = firstFreeItem;
276      firstFreeItem = idx;
277    }
278
279    void spliceItems(int ak, int bk) {
280      items[items[ak].prev].next = bk;
281      items[items[bk].prev].next = ak;
282      int tmp = items[ak].prev;
283      items[ak].prev = items[bk].prev;
284      items[bk].prev = tmp;
285
286    }
287
288    void laceClass(int cls) {
289      if (firstClass != -1) {
290        classes[firstClass].prev = cls;
291      }
292      classes[cls].next = firstClass;
293      classes[cls].prev = -1;
294      firstClass = cls;
295    }
296
297    void unlaceClass(int cls) {
298      if (classes[cls].prev != -1) {
299        classes[classes[cls].prev].next = classes[cls].next;
300      } else {
301        firstClass = classes[cls].next;
302      }
303      if (classes[cls].next != -1) {
304        classes[classes[cls].next].prev = classes[cls].prev;
305      }
306
307      classes[cls].next = firstFreeClass;
308      firstFreeClass = cls;
309    }
310
311  public:
312
313    UnionFindEnum(ItemIntMap& _index)
314      : index(_index), items(), firstFreeItem(-1),
315        firstClass(-1), firstFreeClass(-1) {}
316
317    /// \brief Inserts the given element into a new component.
318    ///
319    /// This method creates a new component consisting only of the
320    /// given element.
321    ///
322    int insert(const Item& item) {
323      int idx = newItem();
324
325      index.set(item, idx);
326
327      singletonItem(idx);
328      items[idx].item = item;
329
330      int cdx = newClass();
331
332      items[idx].parent = ~cdx;
333
334      laceClass(cdx);
335      classes[cdx].size = 1;
336      classes[cdx].firstItem = idx;
337
338      firstClass = cdx;
339
340      return cdx;
341    }
342
343    /// \brief Inserts the given element into the component of the others.
344    ///
345    /// This methods inserts the element \e a into the component of the
346    /// element \e comp.
347    void insert(const Item& item, int cls) {
348      int rdx = classes[cls].firstItem;
349      int idx = newItem();
350
351      index.set(item, idx);
352
353      laceItem(idx, rdx);
354
355      items[idx].item = item;
356      items[idx].parent = rdx;
357
358      ++classes[~(items[rdx].parent)].size;
359    }
360
361    /// \brief Clears the union-find data structure
362    ///
363    /// Erase each item from the data structure.
364    void clear() {
365      items.clear();
366      firstClass = -1;
367      firstFreeItem = -1;
368    }
369
370    /// \brief Finds the component of the given element.
371    ///
372    /// The method returns the component id of the given element.
373    int find(const Item &item) const {
374      return ~(items[repIndex(index[item])].parent);
375    }
376
377    /// \brief Joining the component of element \e a and element \e b.
378    ///
379    /// This is the \e union operation of the Union-Find structure.
380    /// Joins the component of element \e a and component of
381    /// element \e b. If \e a and \e b are in the same component then
382    /// returns -1 else returns the remaining class.
383    int join(const Item& a, const Item& b) {
384
385      int ak = repIndex(index[a]);
386      int bk = repIndex(index[b]);
387
388      if (ak == bk) {
389        return -1;
390      }
391
392      int acx = ~(items[ak].parent);
393      int bcx = ~(items[bk].parent);
394
395      int rcx;
396
397      if (classes[acx].size > classes[bcx].size) {
398        classes[acx].size += classes[bcx].size;
399        items[bk].parent = ak;
400        unlaceClass(bcx);
401        rcx = acx;
402      } else {
403        classes[bcx].size += classes[acx].size;
404        items[ak].parent = bk;
405        unlaceClass(acx);
406        rcx = bcx;
407      }
408      spliceItems(ak, bk);
409
410      return rcx;
411    }
412
413    /// \brief Returns the size of the class.
414    ///
415    /// Returns the size of the class.
416    int size(int cls) const {
417      return classes[cls].size;
418    }
419
420    /// \brief Splits up the component.
421    ///
422    /// Splitting the component into singleton components (component
423    /// of size one).
424    void split(int cls) {
425      int fdx = classes[cls].firstItem;
426      int idx = items[fdx].next;
427      while (idx != fdx) {
428        int next = items[idx].next;
429
430        singletonItem(idx);
431
432        int cdx = newClass();
433        items[idx].parent = ~cdx;
434
435        laceClass(cdx);
436        classes[cdx].size = 1;
437        classes[cdx].firstItem = idx;
438
439        idx = next;
440      }
441
442      items[idx].prev = idx;
443      items[idx].next = idx;
444
445      classes[~(items[idx].parent)].size = 1;
446
447    }
448
449    /// \brief Removes the given element from the structure.
450    ///
451    /// Removes the element from its component and if the component becomes
452    /// empty then removes that component from the component list.
453    ///
454    /// \warning It is an error to remove an element which is not in
455    /// the structure.
456    /// \warning This running time of this operation is proportional to the
457    /// number of the items in this class.
458    void erase(const Item& item) {
459      int idx = index[item];
460      int fdx = items[idx].next;
461
462      int cdx = classIndex(idx);
463      if (idx == fdx) {
464        unlaceClass(cdx);
465        items[idx].next = firstFreeItem;
466        firstFreeItem = idx;
467        return;
468      } else {
469        classes[cdx].firstItem = fdx;
470        --classes[cdx].size;
471        items[fdx].parent = ~cdx;
472
473        unlaceItem(idx);
474        idx = items[fdx].next;
475        while (idx != fdx) {
476          items[idx].parent = fdx;
477          idx = items[idx].next;
478        }
479
480      }
481
482    }
483
484    /// \brief Gives back a representant item of the component.
485    ///
486    /// Gives back a representant item of the component.
487    Item item(int cls) const {
488      return items[classes[cls].firstItem].item;
489    }
490
491    /// \brief Removes the component of the given element from the structure.
492    ///
493    /// Removes the component of the given element from the structure.
494    ///
495    /// \warning It is an error to give an element which is not in the
496    /// structure.
497    void eraseClass(int cls) {
498      int fdx = classes[cls].firstItem;
499      unlaceClass(cls);
500      items[items[fdx].prev].next = firstFreeItem;
501      firstFreeItem = fdx;
502    }
503
504    /// \brief LEMON style iterator for the representant items.
505    ///
506    /// ClassIt is a lemon style iterator for the components. It iterates
507    /// on the ids of the classes.
508    class ClassIt {
509    public:
510      /// \brief Constructor of the iterator
511      ///
512      /// Constructor of the iterator
513      ClassIt(const UnionFindEnum& ufe) : unionFind(&ufe) {
514        cdx = unionFind->firstClass;
515      }
516
517      /// \brief Constructor to get invalid iterator
518      ///
519      /// Constructor to get invalid iterator
520      ClassIt(Invalid) : unionFind(0), cdx(-1) {}
521
522      /// \brief Increment operator
523      ///
524      /// It steps to the next representant item.
525      ClassIt& operator++() {
526        cdx = unionFind->classes[cdx].next;
527        return *this;
528      }
529
530      /// \brief Conversion operator
531      ///
532      /// It converts the iterator to the current representant item.
533      operator int() const {
534        return cdx;
535      }
536
537      /// \brief Equality operator
538      ///
539      /// Equality operator
540      bool operator==(const ClassIt& i) {
541        return i.cdx == cdx;
542      }
543
544      /// \brief Inequality operator
545      ///
546      /// Inequality operator
547      bool operator!=(const ClassIt& i) {
548        return i.cdx != cdx;
549      }
550
551    private:
552      const UnionFindEnum* unionFind;
553      int cdx;
554    };
555
556    /// \brief LEMON style iterator for the items of a component.
557    ///
558    /// ClassIt is a lemon style iterator for the components. It iterates
559    /// on the items of a class. By example if you want to iterate on
560    /// each items of each classes then you may write the next code.
561    ///\code
562    /// for (ClassIt cit(ufe); cit != INVALID; ++cit) {
563    ///   std::cout << "Class: ";
564    ///   for (ItemIt iit(ufe, cit); iit != INVALID; ++iit) {
565    ///     std::cout << toString(iit) << ' ' << std::endl;
566    ///   }
567    ///   std::cout << std::endl;
568    /// }
569    ///\endcode
570    class ItemIt {
571    public:
572      /// \brief Constructor of the iterator
573      ///
574      /// Constructor of the iterator. The iterator iterates
575      /// on the class of the \c item.
576      ItemIt(const UnionFindEnum& ufe, int cls) : unionFind(&ufe) {
577        fdx = idx = unionFind->classes[cls].firstItem;
578      }
579
580      /// \brief Constructor to get invalid iterator
581      ///
582      /// Constructor to get invalid iterator
583      ItemIt(Invalid) : unionFind(0), idx(-1) {}
584
585      /// \brief Increment operator
586      ///
587      /// It steps to the next item in the class.
588      ItemIt& operator++() {
589        idx = unionFind->items[idx].next;
590        if (idx == fdx) idx = -1;
591        return *this;
592      }
593
594      /// \brief Conversion operator
595      ///
596      /// It converts the iterator to the current item.
597      operator const Item&() const {
598        return unionFind->items[idx].item;
599      }
600
601      /// \brief Equality operator
602      ///
603      /// Equality operator
604      bool operator==(const ItemIt& i) {
605        return i.idx == idx;
606      }
607
608      /// \brief Inequality operator
609      ///
610      /// Inequality operator
611      bool operator!=(const ItemIt& i) {
612        return i.idx != idx;
613      }
614
615    private:
616      const UnionFindEnum* unionFind;
617      int idx, fdx;
618    };
619
620  };
621
622  /// \ingroup auxdat
623  ///
624  /// \brief A \e Extend-Find data structure implementation which
625  /// is able to enumerate the components.
626  ///
627  /// The class implements an \e Extend-Find data structure which is
628  /// able to enumerate the components and the items in a
629  /// component. The data structure is a simplification of the
630  /// Union-Find structure, and it does not allow to merge two components.
631  ///
632  /// \pre You need to add all the elements by the \ref insert()
633  /// method.
634  template <typename IM>
635  class ExtendFindEnum {
636  public:
637
638    ///\e
639    typedef IM ItemIntMap;
640    ///\e
641    typedef typename ItemIntMap::Key Item;
642
643  private:
644
645    ItemIntMap& index;
646
647    struct ItemT {
648      int cls;
649      Item item;
650      int next, prev;
651    };
652
653    std::vector<ItemT> items;
654    int firstFreeItem;
655
656    struct ClassT {
657      int firstItem;
658      int next, prev;
659    };
660
661    std::vector<ClassT> classes;
662
663    int firstClass, firstFreeClass;
664
665    int newClass() {
666      if (firstFreeClass != -1) {
667        int cdx = firstFreeClass;
668        firstFreeClass = classes[cdx].next;
669        return cdx;
670      } else {
671        classes.push_back(ClassT());
672        return classes.size() - 1;
673      }
674    }
675
676    int newItem() {
677      if (firstFreeItem != -1) {
678        int idx = firstFreeItem;
679        firstFreeItem = items[idx].next;
680        return idx;
681      } else {
682        items.push_back(ItemT());
683        return items.size() - 1;
684      }
685    }
686
687  public:
688
689    /// \brief Constructor
690    ExtendFindEnum(ItemIntMap& _index)
691      : index(_index), items(), firstFreeItem(-1),
692        classes(), firstClass(-1), firstFreeClass(-1) {}
693
694    /// \brief Inserts the given element into a new component.
695    ///
696    /// This method creates a new component consisting only of the
697    /// given element.
698    int insert(const Item& item) {
699      int cdx = newClass();
700      classes[cdx].prev = -1;
701      classes[cdx].next = firstClass;
702      if (firstClass != -1) {
703        classes[firstClass].prev = cdx;
704      }
705      firstClass = cdx;
706
707      int idx = newItem();
708      items[idx].item = item;
709      items[idx].cls = cdx;
710      items[idx].prev = idx;
711      items[idx].next = idx;
712
713      classes[cdx].firstItem = idx;
714
715      index.set(item, idx);
716
717      return cdx;
718    }
719
720    /// \brief Inserts the given element into the given component.
721    ///
722    /// This methods inserts the element \e item a into the \e cls class.
723    void insert(const Item& item, int cls) {
724      int idx = newItem();
725      int rdx = classes[cls].firstItem;
726      items[idx].item = item;
727      items[idx].cls = cls;
728
729      items[idx].prev = rdx;
730      items[idx].next = items[rdx].next;
731      items[items[rdx].next].prev = idx;
732      items[rdx].next = idx;
733
734      index.set(item, idx);
735    }
736
737    /// \brief Clears the union-find data structure
738    ///
739    /// Erase each item from the data structure.
740    void clear() {
741      items.clear();
742      classes.clear();
743      firstClass = firstFreeClass = firstFreeItem = -1;
744    }
745
746    /// \brief Gives back the class of the \e item.
747    ///
748    /// Gives back the class of the \e item.
749    int find(const Item &item) const {
750      return items[index[item]].cls;
751    }
752
753    /// \brief Gives back a representant item of the component.
754    ///
755    /// Gives back a representant item of the component.
756    Item item(int cls) const {
757      return items[classes[cls].firstItem].item;
758    }
759
760    /// \brief Removes the given element from the structure.
761    ///
762    /// Removes the element from its component and if the component becomes
763    /// empty then removes that component from the component list.
764    ///
765    /// \warning It is an error to remove an element which is not in
766    /// the structure.
767    void erase(const Item &item) {
768      int idx = index[item];
769      int cdx = items[idx].cls;
770
771      if (idx == items[idx].next) {
772        if (classes[cdx].prev != -1) {
773          classes[classes[cdx].prev].next = classes[cdx].next;
774        } else {
775          firstClass = classes[cdx].next;
776        }
777        if (classes[cdx].next != -1) {
778          classes[classes[cdx].next].prev = classes[cdx].prev;
779        }
780        classes[cdx].next = firstFreeClass;
781        firstFreeClass = cdx;
782      } else {
783        classes[cdx].firstItem = items[idx].next;
784        items[items[idx].next].prev = items[idx].prev;
785        items[items[idx].prev].next = items[idx].next;
786      }
787      items[idx].next = firstFreeItem;
788      firstFreeItem = idx;
789
790    }
791
792
793    /// \brief Removes the component of the given element from the structure.
794    ///
795    /// Removes the component of the given element from the structure.
796    ///
797    /// \warning It is an error to give an element which is not in the
798    /// structure.
799    void eraseClass(int cdx) {
800      int idx = classes[cdx].firstItem;
801      items[items[idx].prev].next = firstFreeItem;
802      firstFreeItem = idx;
803
804      if (classes[cdx].prev != -1) {
805        classes[classes[cdx].prev].next = classes[cdx].next;
806      } else {
807        firstClass = classes[cdx].next;
808      }
809      if (classes[cdx].next != -1) {
810        classes[classes[cdx].next].prev = classes[cdx].prev;
811      }
812      classes[cdx].next = firstFreeClass;
813      firstFreeClass = cdx;
814    }
815
816    /// \brief LEMON style iterator for the classes.
817    ///
818    /// ClassIt is a lemon style iterator for the components. It iterates
819    /// on the ids of classes.
820    class ClassIt {
821    public:
822      /// \brief Constructor of the iterator
823      ///
824      /// Constructor of the iterator
825      ClassIt(const ExtendFindEnum& ufe) : extendFind(&ufe) {
826        cdx = extendFind->firstClass;
827      }
828
829      /// \brief Constructor to get invalid iterator
830      ///
831      /// Constructor to get invalid iterator
832      ClassIt(Invalid) : extendFind(0), cdx(-1) {}
833
834      /// \brief Increment operator
835      ///
836      /// It steps to the next representant item.
837      ClassIt& operator++() {
838        cdx = extendFind->classes[cdx].next;
839        return *this;
840      }
841
842      /// \brief Conversion operator
843      ///
844      /// It converts the iterator to the current class id.
845      operator int() const {
846        return cdx;
847      }
848
849      /// \brief Equality operator
850      ///
851      /// Equality operator
852      bool operator==(const ClassIt& i) {
853        return i.cdx == cdx;
854      }
855
856      /// \brief Inequality operator
857      ///
858      /// Inequality operator
859      bool operator!=(const ClassIt& i) {
860        return i.cdx != cdx;
861      }
862
863    private:
864      const ExtendFindEnum* extendFind;
865      int cdx;
866    };
867
868    /// \brief LEMON style iterator for the items of a component.
869    ///
870    /// ClassIt is a lemon style iterator for the components. It iterates
871    /// on the items of a class. By example if you want to iterate on
872    /// each items of each classes then you may write the next code.
873    ///\code
874    /// for (ClassIt cit(ufe); cit != INVALID; ++cit) {
875    ///   std::cout << "Class: ";
876    ///   for (ItemIt iit(ufe, cit); iit != INVALID; ++iit) {
877    ///     std::cout << toString(iit) << ' ' << std::endl;
878    ///   }
879    ///   std::cout << std::endl;
880    /// }
881    ///\endcode
882    class ItemIt {
883    public:
884      /// \brief Constructor of the iterator
885      ///
886      /// Constructor of the iterator. The iterator iterates
887      /// on the class of the \c item.
888      ItemIt(const ExtendFindEnum& ufe, int cls) : extendFind(&ufe) {
889        fdx = idx = extendFind->classes[cls].firstItem;
890      }
891
892      /// \brief Constructor to get invalid iterator
893      ///
894      /// Constructor to get invalid iterator
895      ItemIt(Invalid) : extendFind(0), idx(-1) {}
896
897      /// \brief Increment operator
898      ///
899      /// It steps to the next item in the class.
900      ItemIt& operator++() {
901        idx = extendFind->items[idx].next;
902        if (fdx == idx) idx = -1;
903        return *this;
904      }
905
906      /// \brief Conversion operator
907      ///
908      /// It converts the iterator to the current item.
909      operator const Item&() const {
910        return extendFind->items[idx].item;
911      }
912
913      /// \brief Equality operator
914      ///
915      /// Equality operator
916      bool operator==(const ItemIt& i) {
917        return i.idx == idx;
918      }
919
920      /// \brief Inequality operator
921      ///
922      /// Inequality operator
923      bool operator!=(const ItemIt& i) {
924        return i.idx != idx;
925      }
926
927    private:
928      const ExtendFindEnum* extendFind;
929      int idx, fdx;
930    };
931
932  };
933
934  /// \ingroup auxdat
935  ///
936  /// \brief A \e Union-Find data structure implementation which
937  /// is able to store a priority for each item and retrieve the minimum of
938  /// each class.
939  ///
940  /// A \e Union-Find data structure implementation which is able to
941  /// store a priority for each item and retrieve the minimum of each
942  /// class. In addition, it supports the joining and splitting the
943  /// components. If you don't need this feature then you makes
944  /// better to use the \ref UnionFind class which is more efficient.
945  ///
946  /// The union-find data strcuture based on a (2, 16)-tree with a
947  /// tournament minimum selection on the internal nodes. The insert
948  /// operation takes O(1), the find, set, decrease and increase takes
949  /// O(log(n)), where n is the number of nodes in the current
950  /// component.  The complexity of join and split is O(log(n)*k),
951  /// where n is the sum of the number of the nodes and k is the
952  /// number of joined components or the number of the components
953  /// after the split.
954  ///
955  /// \pre You need to add all the elements by the \ref insert()
956  /// method.
957  template <typename V, typename IM, typename Comp = std::less<V> >
958  class HeapUnionFind {
959  public:
960
961    ///\e
962    typedef V Value;
963    ///\e
964    typedef typename IM::Key Item;
965    ///\e
966    typedef IM ItemIntMap;
967    ///\e
968    typedef Comp Compare;
969
970  private:
971
972    static const int cmax = 16;
973
974    ItemIntMap& index;
975
976    struct ClassNode {
977      int parent;
978      int depth;
979
980      int left, right;
981      int next, prev;
982    };
983
984    int first_class;
985    int first_free_class;
986    std::vector<ClassNode> classes;
987
988    int newClass() {
989      if (first_free_class < 0) {
990        int id = classes.size();
991        classes.push_back(ClassNode());
992        return id;
993      } else {
994        int id = first_free_class;
995        first_free_class = classes[id].next;
996        return id;
997      }
998    }
999
1000    void deleteClass(int id) {
1001      classes[id].next = first_free_class;
1002      first_free_class = id;
1003    }
1004
1005    struct ItemNode {
1006      int parent;
1007      Item item;
1008      Value prio;
1009      int next, prev;
1010      int left, right;
1011      int size;
1012    };
1013
1014    int first_free_node;
1015    std::vector<ItemNode> nodes;
1016
1017    int newNode() {
1018      if (first_free_node < 0) {
1019        int id = nodes.size();
1020        nodes.push_back(ItemNode());
1021        return id;
1022      } else {
1023        int id = first_free_node;
1024        first_free_node = nodes[id].next;
1025        return id;
1026      }
1027    }
1028
1029    void deleteNode(int id) {
1030      nodes[id].next = first_free_node;
1031      first_free_node = id;
1032    }
1033
1034    Comp comp;
1035
1036    int findClass(int id) const {
1037      int kd = id;
1038      while (kd >= 0) {
1039        kd = nodes[kd].parent;
1040      }
1041      return ~kd;
1042    }
1043
1044    int leftNode(int id) const {
1045      int kd = ~(classes[id].parent);
1046      for (int i = 0; i < classes[id].depth; ++i) {
1047        kd = nodes[kd].left;
1048      }
1049      return kd;
1050    }
1051
1052    int nextNode(int id) const {
1053      int depth = 0;
1054      while (id >= 0 && nodes[id].next == -1) {
1055        id = nodes[id].parent;
1056        ++depth;
1057      }
1058      if (id < 0) {
1059        return -1;
1060      }
1061      id = nodes[id].next;
1062      while (depth--) {
1063        id = nodes[id].left;
1064      }
1065      return id;
1066    }
1067
1068
1069    void setPrio(int id) {
1070      int jd = nodes[id].left;
1071      nodes[id].prio = nodes[jd].prio;
1072      nodes[id].item = nodes[jd].item;
1073      jd = nodes[jd].next;
1074      while (jd != -1) {
1075        if (comp(nodes[jd].prio, nodes[id].prio)) {
1076          nodes[id].prio = nodes[jd].prio;
1077          nodes[id].item = nodes[jd].item;
1078        }
1079        jd = nodes[jd].next;
1080      }
1081    }
1082
1083    void push(int id, int jd) {
1084      nodes[id].size = 1;
1085      nodes[id].left = nodes[id].right = jd;
1086      nodes[jd].next = nodes[jd].prev = -1;
1087      nodes[jd].parent = id;
1088    }
1089
1090    void pushAfter(int id, int jd) {
1091      int kd = nodes[id].parent;
1092      if (nodes[id].next != -1) {
1093        nodes[nodes[id].next].prev = jd;
1094        if (kd >= 0) {
1095          nodes[kd].size += 1;
1096        }
1097      } else {
1098        if (kd >= 0) {
1099          nodes[kd].right = jd;
1100          nodes[kd].size += 1;
1101        }
1102      }
1103      nodes[jd].next = nodes[id].next;
1104      nodes[jd].prev = id;
1105      nodes[id].next = jd;
1106      nodes[jd].parent = kd;
1107    }
1108
1109    void pushRight(int id, int jd) {
1110      nodes[id].size += 1;
1111      nodes[jd].prev = nodes[id].right;
1112      nodes[jd].next = -1;
1113      nodes[nodes[id].right].next = jd;
1114      nodes[id].right = jd;
1115      nodes[jd].parent = id;
1116    }
1117
1118    void popRight(int id) {
1119      nodes[id].size -= 1;
1120      int jd = nodes[id].right;
1121      nodes[nodes[jd].prev].next = -1;
1122      nodes[id].right = nodes[jd].prev;
1123    }
1124
1125    void splice(int id, int jd) {
1126      nodes[id].size += nodes[jd].size;
1127      nodes[nodes[id].right].next = nodes[jd].left;
1128      nodes[nodes[jd].left].prev = nodes[id].right;
1129      int kd = nodes[jd].left;
1130      while (kd != -1) {
1131        nodes[kd].parent = id;
1132        kd = nodes[kd].next;
1133      }
1134      nodes[id].right = nodes[jd].right;
1135    }
1136
1137    void split(int id, int jd) {
1138      int kd = nodes[id].parent;
1139      nodes[kd].right = nodes[id].prev;
1140      nodes[nodes[id].prev].next = -1;
1141
1142      nodes[jd].left = id;
1143      nodes[id].prev = -1;
1144      int num = 0;
1145      while (id != -1) {
1146        nodes[id].parent = jd;
1147        nodes[jd].right = id;
1148        id = nodes[id].next;
1149        ++num;
1150      }
1151      nodes[kd].size -= num;
1152      nodes[jd].size = num;
1153    }
1154
1155    void pushLeft(int id, int jd) {
1156      nodes[id].size += 1;
1157      nodes[jd].next = nodes[id].left;
1158      nodes[jd].prev = -1;
1159      nodes[nodes[id].left].prev = jd;
1160      nodes[id].left = jd;
1161      nodes[jd].parent = id;
1162    }
1163
1164    void popLeft(int id) {
1165      nodes[id].size -= 1;
1166      int jd = nodes[id].left;
1167      nodes[nodes[jd].next].prev = -1;
1168      nodes[id].left = nodes[jd].next;
1169    }
1170
1171    void repairLeft(int id) {
1172      int jd = ~(classes[id].parent);
1173      while (nodes[jd].left != -1) {
1174        int kd = nodes[jd].left;
1175        if (nodes[jd].size == 1) {
1176          if (nodes[jd].parent < 0) {
1177            classes[id].parent = ~kd;
1178            classes[id].depth -= 1;
1179            nodes[kd].parent = ~id;
1180            deleteNode(jd);
1181            jd = kd;
1182          } else {
1183            int pd = nodes[jd].parent;
1184            if (nodes[nodes[jd].next].size < cmax) {
1185              pushLeft(nodes[jd].next, nodes[jd].left);
1186              if (less(jd, nodes[jd].next) ||
1187                  nodes[jd].item == nodes[pd].item) {
1188                nodes[nodes[jd].next].prio = nodes[jd].prio;
1189                nodes[nodes[jd].next].item = nodes[jd].item;
1190              }
1191              popLeft(pd);
1192              deleteNode(jd);
1193              jd = pd;
1194            } else {
1195              int ld = nodes[nodes[jd].next].left;
1196              popLeft(nodes[jd].next);
1197              pushRight(jd, ld);
1198              if (less(ld, nodes[jd].left) ||
1199                  nodes[ld].item == nodes[pd].item) {
1200                nodes[jd].item = nodes[ld].item;
1201                nodes[jd].prio = nodes[ld].prio;
1202              }
1203              if (nodes[nodes[jd].next].item == nodes[ld].item) {
1204                setPrio(nodes[jd].next);
1205              }
1206              jd = nodes[jd].left;
1207            }
1208          }
1209        } else {
1210          jd = nodes[jd].left;
1211        }
1212      }
1213    }
1214
1215    void repairRight(int id) {
1216      int jd = ~(classes[id].parent);
1217      while (nodes[jd].right != -1) {
1218        int kd = nodes[jd].right;
1219        if (nodes[jd].size == 1) {
1220          if (nodes[jd].parent < 0) {
1221            classes[id].parent = ~kd;
1222            classes[id].depth -= 1;
1223            nodes[kd].parent = ~id;
1224            deleteNode(jd);
1225            jd = kd;
1226          } else {
1227            int pd = nodes[jd].parent;
1228            if (nodes[nodes[jd].prev].size < cmax) {
1229              pushRight(nodes[jd].prev, nodes[jd].right);
1230              if (less(jd, nodes[jd].prev) ||
1231                  nodes[jd].item == nodes[pd].item) {
1232                nodes[nodes[jd].prev].prio = nodes[jd].prio;
1233                nodes[nodes[jd].prev].item = nodes[jd].item;
1234              }
1235              popRight(pd);
1236              deleteNode(jd);
1237              jd = pd;
1238            } else {
1239              int ld = nodes[nodes[jd].prev].right;
1240              popRight(nodes[jd].prev);
1241              pushLeft(jd, ld);
1242              if (less(ld, nodes[jd].right) ||
1243                  nodes[ld].item == nodes[pd].item) {
1244                nodes[jd].item = nodes[ld].item;
1245                nodes[jd].prio = nodes[ld].prio;
1246              }
1247              if (nodes[nodes[jd].prev].item == nodes[ld].item) {
1248                setPrio(nodes[jd].prev);
1249              }
1250              jd = nodes[jd].right;
1251            }
1252          }
1253        } else {
1254          jd = nodes[jd].right;
1255        }
1256      }
1257    }
1258
1259
1260    bool less(int id, int jd) const {
1261      return comp(nodes[id].prio, nodes[jd].prio);
1262    }
1263
1264  public:
1265
1266    /// \brief Returns true when the given class is alive.
1267    ///
1268    /// Returns true when the given class is alive, ie. the class is
1269    /// not nested into other class.
1270    bool alive(int cls) const {
1271      return classes[cls].parent < 0;
1272    }
1273
1274    /// \brief Returns true when the given class is trivial.
1275    ///
1276    /// Returns true when the given class is trivial, ie. the class
1277    /// contains just one item directly.
1278    bool trivial(int cls) const {
1279      return classes[cls].left == -1;
1280    }
1281
1282    /// \brief Constructs the union-find.
1283    ///
1284    /// Constructs the union-find.
1285    /// \brief _index The index map of the union-find. The data
1286    /// structure uses internally for store references.
1287    HeapUnionFind(ItemIntMap& _index)
1288      : index(_index), first_class(-1),
1289        first_free_class(-1), first_free_node(-1) {}
1290
1291    /// \brief Clears the union-find data structure
1292    ///
1293    /// Erase each item from the data structure.
1294    void clear() {
1295      nodes.clear();
1296      classes.clear();
1297      first_free_node = first_free_class = first_class = -1;
1298    }
1299
1300    /// \brief Insert a new node into a new component.
1301    ///
1302    /// Insert a new node into a new component.
1303    /// \param item The item of the new node.
1304    /// \param prio The priority of the new node.
1305    /// \return The class id of the one-item-heap.
1306    int insert(const Item& item, const Value& prio) {
1307      int id = newNode();
1308      nodes[id].item = item;
1309      nodes[id].prio = prio;
1310      nodes[id].size = 0;
1311
1312      nodes[id].prev = -1;
1313      nodes[id].next = -1;
1314
1315      nodes[id].left = -1;
1316      nodes[id].right = -1;
1317
1318      nodes[id].item = item;
1319      index[item] = id;
1320
1321      int class_id = newClass();
1322      classes[class_id].parent = ~id;
1323      classes[class_id].depth = 0;
1324
1325      classes[class_id].left = -1;
1326      classes[class_id].right = -1;
1327
1328      if (first_class != -1) {
1329        classes[first_class].prev = class_id;
1330      }
1331      classes[class_id].next = first_class;
1332      classes[class_id].prev = -1;
1333      first_class = class_id;
1334
1335      nodes[id].parent = ~class_id;
1336
1337      return class_id;
1338    }
1339
1340    /// \brief The class of the item.
1341    ///
1342    /// \return The alive class id of the item, which is not nested into
1343    /// other classes.
1344    ///
1345    /// The time complexity is O(log(n)).
1346    int find(const Item& item) const {
1347      return findClass(index[item]);
1348    }
1349
1350    /// \brief Joins the classes.
1351    ///
1352    /// The current function joins the given classes. The parameter is
1353    /// an STL range which should be contains valid class ids. The
1354    /// time complexity is O(log(n)*k) where n is the overall number
1355    /// of the joined nodes and k is the number of classes.
1356    /// \return The class of the joined classes.
1357    /// \pre The range should contain at least two class ids.
1358    template <typename Iterator>
1359    int join(Iterator begin, Iterator end) {
1360      std::vector<int> cs;
1361      for (Iterator it = begin; it != end; ++it) {
1362        cs.push_back(*it);
1363      }
1364
1365      int class_id = newClass();
1366      { // creation union-find
1367
1368        if (first_class != -1) {
1369          classes[first_class].prev = class_id;
1370        }
1371        classes[class_id].next = first_class;
1372        classes[class_id].prev = -1;
1373        first_class = class_id;
1374
1375        classes[class_id].depth = classes[cs[0]].depth;
1376        classes[class_id].parent = classes[cs[0]].parent;
1377        nodes[~(classes[class_id].parent)].parent = ~class_id;
1378
1379        int l = cs[0];
1380
1381        classes[class_id].left = l;
1382        classes[class_id].right = l;
1383
1384        if (classes[l].next != -1) {
1385          classes[classes[l].next].prev = classes[l].prev;
1386        }
1387        classes[classes[l].prev].next = classes[l].next;
1388
1389        classes[l].prev = -1;
1390        classes[l].next = -1;
1391
1392        classes[l].depth = leftNode(l);
1393        classes[l].parent = class_id;
1394
1395      }
1396
1397      { // merging of heap
1398        int l = class_id;
1399        for (int ci = 1; ci < int(cs.size()); ++ci) {
1400          int r = cs[ci];
1401          int rln = leftNode(r);
1402          if (classes[l].depth > classes[r].depth) {
1403            int id = ~(classes[l].parent);
1404            for (int i = classes[r].depth + 1; i < classes[l].depth; ++i) {
1405              id = nodes[id].right;
1406            }
1407            while (id >= 0 && nodes[id].size == cmax) {
1408              int new_id = newNode();
1409              int right_id = nodes[id].right;
1410
1411              popRight(id);
1412              if (nodes[id].item == nodes[right_id].item) {
1413                setPrio(id);
1414              }
1415              push(new_id, right_id);
1416              pushRight(new_id, ~(classes[r].parent));
1417
1418              if (less(~classes[r].parent, right_id)) {
1419                nodes[new_id].item = nodes[~classes[r].parent].item;
1420                nodes[new_id].prio = nodes[~classes[r].parent].prio;
1421              } else {
1422                nodes[new_id].item = nodes[right_id].item;
1423                nodes[new_id].prio = nodes[right_id].prio;
1424              }
1425
1426              id = nodes[id].parent;
1427              classes[r].parent = ~new_id;
1428            }
1429            if (id < 0) {
1430              int new_parent = newNode();
1431              nodes[new_parent].next = -1;
1432              nodes[new_parent].prev = -1;
1433              nodes[new_parent].parent = ~l;
1434
1435              push(new_parent, ~(classes[l].parent));
1436              pushRight(new_parent, ~(classes[r].parent));
1437              setPrio(new_parent);
1438
1439              classes[l].parent = ~new_parent;
1440              classes[l].depth += 1;
1441            } else {
1442              pushRight(id, ~(classes[r].parent));
1443              while (id >= 0 && less(~(classes[r].parent), id)) {
1444                nodes[id].prio = nodes[~(classes[r].parent)].prio;
1445                nodes[id].item = nodes[~(classes[r].parent)].item;
1446                id = nodes[id].parent;
1447              }
1448            }
1449          } else if (classes[r].depth > classes[l].depth) {
1450            int id = ~(classes[r].parent);
1451            for (int i = classes[l].depth + 1; i < classes[r].depth; ++i) {
1452              id = nodes[id].left;
1453            }
1454            while (id >= 0 && nodes[id].size == cmax) {
1455              int new_id = newNode();
1456              int left_id = nodes[id].left;
1457
1458              popLeft(id);
1459              if (nodes[id].prio == nodes[left_id].prio) {
1460                setPrio(id);
1461              }
1462              push(new_id, left_id);
1463              pushLeft(new_id, ~(classes[l].parent));
1464
1465              if (less(~classes[l].parent, left_id)) {
1466                nodes[new_id].item = nodes[~classes[l].parent].item;
1467                nodes[new_id].prio = nodes[~classes[l].parent].prio;
1468              } else {
1469                nodes[new_id].item = nodes[left_id].item;
1470                nodes[new_id].prio = nodes[left_id].prio;
1471              }
1472
1473              id = nodes[id].parent;
1474              classes[l].parent = ~new_id;
1475
1476            }
1477            if (id < 0) {
1478              int new_parent = newNode();
1479              nodes[new_parent].next = -1;
1480              nodes[new_parent].prev = -1;
1481              nodes[new_parent].parent = ~l;
1482
1483              push(new_parent, ~(classes[r].parent));
1484              pushLeft(new_parent, ~(classes[l].parent));
1485              setPrio(new_parent);
1486
1487              classes[r].parent = ~new_parent;
1488              classes[r].depth += 1;
1489            } else {
1490              pushLeft(id, ~(classes[l].parent));
1491              while (id >= 0 && less(~(classes[l].parent), id)) {
1492                nodes[id].prio = nodes[~(classes[l].parent)].prio;
1493                nodes[id].item = nodes[~(classes[l].parent)].item;
1494                id = nodes[id].parent;
1495              }
1496            }
1497            nodes[~(classes[r].parent)].parent = ~l;
1498            classes[l].parent = classes[r].parent;
1499            classes[l].depth = classes[r].depth;
1500          } else {
1501            if (classes[l].depth != 0 &&
1502                nodes[~(classes[l].parent)].size +
1503                nodes[~(classes[r].parent)].size <= cmax) {
1504              splice(~(classes[l].parent), ~(classes[r].parent));
1505              deleteNode(~(classes[r].parent));
1506              if (less(~(classes[r].parent), ~(classes[l].parent))) {
1507                nodes[~(classes[l].parent)].prio =
1508                  nodes[~(classes[r].parent)].prio;
1509                nodes[~(classes[l].parent)].item =
1510                  nodes[~(classes[r].parent)].item;
1511              }
1512            } else {
1513              int new_parent = newNode();
1514              nodes[new_parent].next = nodes[new_parent].prev = -1;
1515              push(new_parent, ~(classes[l].parent));
1516              pushRight(new_parent, ~(classes[r].parent));
1517              setPrio(new_parent);
1518
1519              classes[l].parent = ~new_parent;
1520              classes[l].depth += 1;
1521              nodes[new_parent].parent = ~l;
1522            }
1523          }
1524          if (classes[r].next != -1) {
1525            classes[classes[r].next].prev = classes[r].prev;
1526          }
1527          classes[classes[r].prev].next = classes[r].next;
1528
1529          classes[r].prev = classes[l].right;
1530          classes[classes[l].right].next = r;
1531          classes[l].right = r;
1532          classes[r].parent = l;
1533
1534          classes[r].next = -1;
1535          classes[r].depth = rln;
1536        }
1537      }
1538      return class_id;
1539    }
1540
1541    /// \brief Split the class to subclasses.
1542    ///
1543    /// The current function splits the given class. The join, which
1544    /// made the current class, stored a reference to the
1545    /// subclasses. The \c splitClass() member restores the classes
1546    /// and creates the heaps. The parameter is an STL output iterator
1547    /// which will be filled with the subclass ids. The time
1548    /// complexity is O(log(n)*k) where n is the overall number of
1549    /// nodes in the splitted classes and k is the number of the
1550    /// classes.
1551    template <typename Iterator>
1552    void split(int cls, Iterator out) {
1553      std::vector<int> cs;
1554      { // splitting union-find
1555        int id = cls;
1556        int l = classes[id].left;
1557
1558        classes[l].parent = classes[id].parent;
1559        classes[l].depth = classes[id].depth;
1560
1561        nodes[~(classes[l].parent)].parent = ~l;
1562
1563        *out++ = l;
1564
1565        while (l != -1) {
1566          cs.push_back(l);
1567          l = classes[l].next;
1568        }
1569
1570        classes[classes[id].right].next = first_class;
1571        classes[first_class].prev = classes[id].right;
1572        first_class = classes[id].left;
1573
1574        if (classes[id].next != -1) {
1575          classes[classes[id].next].prev = classes[id].prev;
1576        }
1577        classes[classes[id].prev].next = classes[id].next;
1578
1579        deleteClass(id);
1580      }
1581
1582      {
1583        for (int i = 1; i < int(cs.size()); ++i) {
1584          int l = classes[cs[i]].depth;
1585          while (nodes[nodes[l].parent].left == l) {
1586            l = nodes[l].parent;
1587          }
1588          int r = l;
1589          while (nodes[l].parent >= 0) {
1590            l = nodes[l].parent;
1591            int new_node = newNode();
1592
1593            nodes[new_node].prev = -1;
1594            nodes[new_node].next = -1;
1595
1596            split(r, new_node);
1597            pushAfter(l, new_node);
1598            setPrio(l);
1599            setPrio(new_node);
1600            r = new_node;
1601          }
1602          classes[cs[i]].parent = ~r;
1603          classes[cs[i]].depth = classes[~(nodes[l].parent)].depth;
1604          nodes[r].parent = ~cs[i];
1605
1606          nodes[l].next = -1;
1607          nodes[r].prev = -1;
1608
1609          repairRight(~(nodes[l].parent));
1610          repairLeft(cs[i]);
1611
1612          *out++ = cs[i];
1613        }
1614      }
1615    }
1616
1617    /// \brief Gives back the priority of the current item.
1618    ///
1619    /// Gives back the priority of the current item.
1620    const Value& operator[](const Item& item) const {
1621      return nodes[index[item]].prio;
1622    }
1623
1624    /// \brief Sets the priority of the current item.
1625    ///
1626    /// Sets the priority of the current item.
1627    void set(const Item& item, const Value& prio) {
1628      if (comp(prio, nodes[index[item]].prio)) {
1629        decrease(item, prio);
1630      } else if (!comp(prio, nodes[index[item]].prio)) {
1631        increase(item, prio);
1632      }
1633    }
1634
1635    /// \brief Increase the priority of the current item.
1636    ///
1637    /// Increase the priority of the current item.
1638    void increase(const Item& item, const Value& prio) {
1639      int id = index[item];
1640      int kd = nodes[id].parent;
1641      nodes[id].prio = prio;
1642      while (kd >= 0 && nodes[kd].item == item) {
1643        setPrio(kd);
1644        kd = nodes[kd].parent;
1645      }
1646    }
1647
1648    /// \brief Increase the priority of the current item.
1649    ///
1650    /// Increase the priority of the current item.
1651    void decrease(const Item& item, const Value& prio) {
1652      int id = index[item];
1653      int kd = nodes[id].parent;
1654      nodes[id].prio = prio;
1655      while (kd >= 0 && less(id, kd)) {
1656        nodes[kd].prio = prio;
1657        nodes[kd].item = item;
1658        kd = nodes[kd].parent;
1659      }
1660    }
1661
1662    /// \brief Gives back the minimum priority of the class.
1663    ///
1664    /// Gives back the minimum priority of the class.
1665    const Value& classPrio(int cls) const {
1666      return nodes[~(classes[cls].parent)].prio;
1667    }
1668
1669    /// \brief Gives back the minimum priority item of the class.
1670    ///
1671    /// \return Gives back the minimum priority item of the class.
1672    const Item& classTop(int cls) const {
1673      return nodes[~(classes[cls].parent)].item;
1674    }
1675
1676    /// \brief Gives back a representant item of the class.
1677    ///
1678    /// Gives back a representant item of the class.
1679    /// The representant is indpendent from the priorities of the
1680    /// items.
1681    const Item& classRep(int id) const {
1682      int parent = classes[id].parent;
1683      return nodes[parent >= 0 ? classes[id].depth : leftNode(id)].item;
1684    }
1685
1686    /// \brief LEMON style iterator for the items of a class.
1687    ///
1688    /// ClassIt is a lemon style iterator for the components. It iterates
1689    /// on the items of a class. By example if you want to iterate on
1690    /// each items of each classes then you may write the next code.
1691    ///\code
1692    /// for (ClassIt cit(huf); cit != INVALID; ++cit) {
1693    ///   std::cout << "Class: ";
1694    ///   for (ItemIt iit(huf, cit); iit != INVALID; ++iit) {
1695    ///     std::cout << toString(iit) << ' ' << std::endl;
1696    ///   }
1697    ///   std::cout << std::endl;
1698    /// }
1699    ///\endcode
1700    class ItemIt {
1701    private:
1702
1703      const HeapUnionFind* _huf;
1704      int _id, _lid;
1705
1706    public:
1707
1708      /// \brief Default constructor
1709      ///
1710      /// Default constructor
1711      ItemIt() {}
1712
1713      ItemIt(const HeapUnionFind& huf, int cls) : _huf(&huf) {
1714        int id = cls;
1715        int parent = _huf->classes[id].parent;
1716        if (parent >= 0) {
1717          _id = _huf->classes[id].depth;
1718          if (_huf->classes[id].next != -1) {
1719            _lid = _huf->classes[_huf->classes[id].next].depth;
1720          } else {
1721            _lid = -1;
1722          }
1723        } else {
1724          _id = _huf->leftNode(id);
1725          _lid = -1;
1726        }
1727      }
1728
1729      /// \brief Increment operator
1730      ///
1731      /// It steps to the next item in the class.
1732      ItemIt& operator++() {
1733        _id = _huf->nextNode(_id);
1734        return *this;
1735      }
1736
1737      /// \brief Conversion operator
1738      ///
1739      /// It converts the iterator to the current item.
1740      operator const Item&() const {
1741        return _huf->nodes[_id].item;
1742      }
1743
1744      /// \brief Equality operator
1745      ///
1746      /// Equality operator
1747      bool operator==(const ItemIt& i) {
1748        return i._id == _id;
1749      }
1750
1751      /// \brief Inequality operator
1752      ///
1753      /// Inequality operator
1754      bool operator!=(const ItemIt& i) {
1755        return i._id != _id;
1756      }
1757
1758      /// \brief Equality operator
1759      ///
1760      /// Equality operator
1761      bool operator==(Invalid) {
1762        return _id == _lid;
1763      }
1764
1765      /// \brief Inequality operator
1766      ///
1767      /// Inequality operator
1768      bool operator!=(Invalid) {
1769        return _id != _lid;
1770      }
1771
1772    };
1773
1774    /// \brief Class iterator
1775    ///
1776    /// The iterator stores
1777    class ClassIt {
1778    private:
1779
1780      const HeapUnionFind* _huf;
1781      int _id;
1782
1783    public:
1784
1785      ClassIt(const HeapUnionFind& huf)
1786        : _huf(&huf), _id(huf.first_class) {}
1787
1788      ClassIt(const HeapUnionFind& huf, int cls)
1789        : _huf(&huf), _id(huf.classes[cls].left) {}
1790
1791      ClassIt(Invalid) : _huf(0), _id(-1) {}
1792
1793      const ClassIt& operator++() {
1794        _id = _huf->classes[_id].next;
1795        return *this;
1796      }
1797
1798      /// \brief Equality operator
1799      ///
1800      /// Equality operator
1801      bool operator==(const ClassIt& i) {
1802        return i._id == _id;
1803      }
1804
1805      /// \brief Inequality operator
1806      ///
1807      /// Inequality operator
1808      bool operator!=(const ClassIt& i) {
1809        return i._id != _id;
1810      }
1811
1812      operator int() const {
1813        return _id;
1814      }
1815
1816    };
1817
1818  };
1819
1820  //! @}
1821
1822} //namespace lemon
1823
1824#endif //LEMON_UNION_FIND_H
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