Changeset 49:c8c5a2a4ec71 in lemon-tutorial for algorithms.dox
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- 02/22/10 02:03:25 (14 years ago)
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algorithms.dox
r46 r49 24 24 25 25 In addition to the graph structures, the most important parts of LEMON are 26 the various algorithm implementations, which can be used quite flexibly and 27 efficiently. 26 the various algorithms related to graph theory and combinatorial optimization. 27 The library probvides quite flexible and efficient implementations 28 for well-known fundamental algorithms, such as breadth-first 29 search (BFS), depth-first search (DFS), Dijkstra algorithm, Kruskal algorithm 30 and methods for discovering graph properties like connectivity, bipartiteness 31 or Euler property, as well as more complex optimization algorithms for finding 32 maximum flows, minimum cuts, matchings, minimum cost flows and arc-disjoint 33 paths. 28 34 29 35 In this section, we present only some of the most fundamental algorithms. … … 32 38 [SEC]sec_graph_search[SEC] Graph Search 33 39 40 \todo The following contents are ported from the LEMON 0.x tutorial, 41 thus they have to thouroughly revised, reorganized and reworked. 42 34 43 See \ref Bfs, \ref Dfs and \ref graph_properties. 35 44 45 Both \ref lemon::Bfs "Bfs" and \ref lemon::Dfs "Dfs" are highly adaptable and efficient 46 implementations of the well known algorithms. The algorithms are placed most cases in 47 separated files named after the algorithm itself but lower case as all other header file names. 48 For example the next Bfs class is in the \c lemon/bfs.h. 49 50 The algorithm is implemented in the \ref lemon::Bfs "Bfs" template class - rather than as function. 51 The class has two template parameters: \b GR and \b TR.<br> 52 GR is the digraph the algorithm runs on. It has \ref lemon::ListDigraph "ListDigraph" as default type. 53 TR is a Traits class commonly used to easy the parametrization of templates. In most cases you 54 wont need to modify the default type \ref lemon::BfsDefaultTraits "BfsDefaultTraits<GR>". 55 56 To use the class, declare it! 57 \code 58 Bfs<ListGraph> bfs(gr); 59 \endcode 60 Note the lack of second template argument because of the default parameter. 61 62 It provides a simple but powerful interface to control the execution. 63 \code 64 int dist = bfs.run(s,t); 65 \endcode 66 It finds the shortest path from node \c s to node \c t and returns it, or zero 67 if there is no path from \c s to \c t.<br> 68 If you want the shortest path from a specified node to all other node, just write: 69 \code 70 bfs.run(s); 71 \endcode 72 Now the distances and path information are stored in maps which you can access with 73 member functions like \ref lemon::Bfs::distMap "distMap()" or \ref lemon::Bfs::predMap "predMap()".<br> 74 Or more directly with other member functions like \ref lemon::Bfs::predNode "predNode()". Once the algorithm 75 is finished (or to be precise reached that node) \ref lemon::Bfs::dist "dist()" or \ref lemon::Bfs::predNode 76 "predNode()" can be called. 77 78 For an example let's say we want to print the shortest path of those nodes which 79 are in a certain distance. 80 \code 81 bfs.run(s); 82 83 for( ListGraph::NodeIt n(gr); n != INVALID; ++n ) { 84 if( bfs.reached(n) && bfs.dist(n) <= max_dist ) { 85 std::cout << gr.id(n); 86 87 Node prev = bfs.prevNode(n); 88 while( prev != INVALID ) { 89 std::cout << "<-" << gr.id(prev); 90 prev = bfs.prevNode(n); 91 } 92 93 std::cout << std::endl; 94 } 95 } 96 \endcode 97 98 In the previous code we only used \c run(). Now we introduce the way you can directly 99 control the execution of the algorithm. 100 101 First you have to initialize the variables with \ref lemon::Bfs::init "init()". 102 \code 103 bfs.init(); 104 \endcode 105 106 Then you add one or more source nodes to the queue. They will be processed, as they would 107 be reached by the algorithm before. And yes - you can add more sources during the execution. 108 \code 109 bfs.addSource(node_1); 110 bfs.addSource(node_2); 111 ... 112 \endcode 113 114 And finally you can start the process with \ref lemon::Bfs::start "start()", or 115 you can write your own loop to process the nodes one-by-one. 116 117 118 Since Dfs is very similar to Bfs with a few tiny differences we only see a bit more complex example 119 to demonstrate Dfs's capabilities. 120 121 We will see a program, which solves the problem of <b>topological ordering</b>. 122 We need to know in which order we should put on our clothes. The program will do the following: 123 <ol> 124 <li>We run the dfs algorithm to all nodes. 125 <li>Put every node into a list when processed completely. 126 <li>Write out the list in reverse order. 127 </ol> 128 129 \dontinclude topological_ordering.cc 130 First of all we will need an own \ref lemon::Dfs::ProcessedMap "ProcessedMap". The ordering 131 will be done through it. 132 \skip MyOrdererMap 133 \until }; 134 The class meets the \ref concepts::WriteMap "WriteMap" concept. In it's \c set() method the only thing 135 we need to do is insert the key - that is the node whose processing just finished - into the beginning 136 of the list.<br> 137 Although we implemented this needed helper class ourselves it was not necessary. 138 The \ref lemon::FrontInserterBoolMap "FrontInserterBoolMap" class does exactly 139 what we needed. To be correct it's more general - and it's all in \c LEMON. But 140 we wanted to show you, how easy is to add additional functionality. 141 142 First we declare the needed data structures: the digraph and a map to store the nodes' label. 143 \skip ListDigraph 144 \until label 145 146 Now we build a digraph. But keep in mind that it must be DAG because cyclic digraphs has no topological 147 ordering. 148 \skip belt 149 \until trousers 150 We label them... 151 \skip label 152 \until trousers 153 Then add arcs which represent the precedences between those items. 154 \skip trousers, belt 155 \until ); 156 157 See how easy is to access the internal information of this algorithm trough maps. 158 We only need to set our own map as the class's \ref lemon::Dfs::ProcessedMap "ProcessedMap". 159 \skip Dfs 160 \until run 161 162 And now comes the third part. Write out the list in reverse order. But the list was 163 composed in reverse way (with \c push_front() instead of \c push_back() so we just iterate it. 164 \skip std 165 \until endl 166 167 The program is to be found in the \ref demo directory: \ref topological_ordering.cc 168 169 \todo Check the linking of the demo file, the code samples are missing. 170 171 More algorithms are described in the \ref algorithms2 "second part". 172 173 36 174 [SEC]sec_shortest_paths[SEC] Shortest Paths 37 175 38 176 See \ref Dijkstra and \ref BellmanFord. 177 178 179 If you want to solve some transportation problems in a network then you 180 will want to find shortest paths between nodes of a graph. This is 181 usually solved using Dijkstra's algorithm. A utility that solves this is 182 the LEMON Dijkstra class. The following code is a simple program using 183 the LEMON Dijkstra class: it calculates the shortest path between node s 184 and t in a graph g. We omit the part reading the graph g and the length 185 map len. 186 187 <hr> 188 189 In LEMON, the algorithms are implemented basically as classes, but 190 for some of them, function-type interfaces are also available 191 for the sake of convenience. 192 For instance, the Dijkstra algorithm is implemented in the \ref Dijkstra 193 template class, but the \ref dijkstra() function is also defined, 194 which can still be used quite flexibly due to named parameters. 195 196 The original sample code could also use the class interface as follows. 197 198 \code 199 Dijkstra<ListDigraph> dijktra(g, length); 200 dijkstra.distMap(dist); 201 dijsktra.init(); 202 dijkstra.addSource(u); 203 dijkstra.start(); 204 \endcode 205 206 The previous code is obviously longer than the original, but the 207 execution can be controlled to a higher extent. While using the function-type 208 interface, only one source can be added to the algorithm, the class 209 interface makes it possible to specify several root nodes. 210 Moreover, the algorithm can also be executed step-by-step. For instance, 211 the following code can be used instead of \ref dijkstra.start(). 212 213 \code 214 while (!dijkstra.emptyQueue()) { 215 ListDigraph::Node n = dijkstra.processNextNode(); 216 cout << g.id(n) << ' ' << dijkstra.dist(g) << endl; 217 } 218 \endcode 219 39 220 40 221 [SEC]sec_max_flow[SEC] Maximum Flows
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