Dijkstra, bin_heap, fib_heap added to the doc.
2 @node GNU Free Documentation License
3 @appendixsec GNU Free Documentation License
5 @cindex FDL, GNU Free Documentation License
6 @center Version 1.2, November 2002
9 Copyright @copyright{} 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
10 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
12 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
13 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
20 The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
21 functional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to
22 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
23 with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
24 Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
25 to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
26 for modifications made by others.
28 This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
29 works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
30 complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
31 license designed for free software.
33 We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
34 software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
35 program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
36 software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
37 it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
38 whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
39 principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
42 APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
44 This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
45 contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
46 distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
47 world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
48 work under the conditions stated herein. The ``Document'', below,
49 refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
50 licensee, and is addressed as ``you''. You accept the license if you
51 copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
54 A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
55 Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
56 modifications and/or translated into another language.
58 A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section
59 of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
60 publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
61 subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
62 directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
63 part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
64 any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
65 connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
66 commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
69 The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
70 are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
71 that says that the Document is released under this License. If a
72 section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
73 allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
74 Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
75 Sections then there are none.
77 The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
78 as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
79 the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
80 be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
82 A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
83 represented in a format whose specification is available to the
84 general public, that is suitable for revising the document
85 straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
86 pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
87 drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
88 for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
89 to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
90 format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
91 or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
92 An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
93 of text. A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.
95 Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
96 @sc{ascii} without markup, Texinfo input format, La@TeX{} input
97 format, @acronym{SGML} or @acronym{XML} using a publicly available
98 @acronym{DTD}, and standard-conforming simple @acronym{HTML},
99 PostScript or @acronym{PDF} designed for human modification. Examples
100 of transparent image formats include @acronym{PNG}, @acronym{XCF} and
101 @acronym{JPG}. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
102 read and edited only by proprietary word processors, @acronym{SGML} or
103 @acronym{XML} for which the @acronym{DTD} and/or processing tools are
104 not generally available, and the machine-generated @acronym{HTML},
105 PostScript or @acronym{PDF} produced by some word processors for
106 output purposes only.
108 The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
109 plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
110 this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
111 formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
112 the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
113 preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
115 A section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
116 title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
117 text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
118 specific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'',
119 ``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the Title''
120 of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
121 section ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition.
123 The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
124 states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
125 Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
126 License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
127 implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
128 no effect on the meaning of this License.
133 You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
134 commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
135 copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
136 to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
137 conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
138 technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
139 copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
140 compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
141 number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
143 You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
144 you may publicly display copies.
149 If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
150 printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
151 Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
152 copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
153 Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
154 the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
155 you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
156 the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
157 visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
158 Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
159 the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
160 as verbatim copying in other respects.
162 If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
163 legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
164 reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
167 If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
168 more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
169 copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
170 a computer-network location from which the general network-using
171 public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
172 a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
173 If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
174 when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
175 that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
176 location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
177 Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
178 edition to the public.
180 It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
181 Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
182 them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
187 You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
188 the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
189 the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
190 Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
191 and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
192 of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
196 Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
197 from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
198 (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
199 of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
200 if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
203 List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
204 responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
205 Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
206 Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
207 unless they release you from this requirement.
210 State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
211 Modified Version, as the publisher.
214 Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
217 Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
218 adjacent to the other copyright notices.
221 Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
222 giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
223 terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
226 Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
227 and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
230 Include an unaltered copy of this License.
233 Preserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add
234 to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
235 publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
236 there is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
237 stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
238 given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
239 Version as stated in the previous sentence.
242 Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
243 public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
244 the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
245 it was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
246 You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
247 least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
248 publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
251 For any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve
252 the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
253 substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
254 dedications given therein.
257 Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
258 unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
259 or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
262 Delete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section
263 may not be included in the Modified Version.
266 Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or
267 to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
270 Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
273 If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
274 appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
275 copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
276 of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
277 list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
278 These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
280 You may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
281 nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
282 parties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
283 been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
286 You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
287 passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
288 of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
289 Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
290 through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
291 includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
292 by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
293 you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
294 permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
296 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
297 give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
298 imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
303 You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
304 License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
305 versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
306 Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
307 list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
308 license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
310 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
311 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
312 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
313 different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
314 adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
315 author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
316 Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
317 Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
319 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History''
320 in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
321 ``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
322 and any sections Entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all
323 sections Entitled ``Endorsements.''
326 COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
328 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
329 released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
330 License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
331 the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
332 verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
334 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
335 it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
336 License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
337 other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
340 AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
342 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
343 and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
344 distribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright
345 resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
346 of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
347 When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
348 apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
349 derivative works of the Document.
351 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
352 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
353 the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
354 covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
355 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
356 Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
362 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
363 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
364 Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
365 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
366 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
367 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
368 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
369 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
370 the original English version of this License and the original versions
371 of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
372 the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
373 or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
375 If a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
376 ``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
377 its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
383 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
384 as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
385 copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
386 automatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
387 parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
388 License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
389 parties remain in full compliance.
392 FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
394 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
395 of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
396 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
397 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
398 @uref{http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/}.
400 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
401 If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
402 License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
403 following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
404 of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
405 Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
406 number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
407 as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
411 @appendixsubsec ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
413 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
414 the License in the document and put the following copyright and
415 license notices just after the title page:
419 Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}.
420 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
421 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
422 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
423 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
424 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
425 Free Documentation License''.
429 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
430 replace the ``with...Texts.'' line with this:
434 with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with
435 the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts
440 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
441 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
444 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
445 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
446 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
447 to permit their use in free software.
450 @c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict"