/* -*- C++ -*-

  * src/lemon/max_matching.h - Part of LEMON, a generic C++ optimization library

  *

  * Copyright (C) 2004 Egervary Jeno Kombinatorikus Optimalizalasi Kutatocsoport

  * (Egervary Combinatorial Optimization Research Group, EGRES).

  *

  * Permission to use, modify and distribute this software is granted

  * provided that this copyright notice appears in all copies. For

  * precise terms see the accompanying LICENSE file.

  *

  * This software is provided "AS IS" with no warranty of any kind,

  * express or implied, and with no claim as to its suitability for any

  * purpose.

  *

  */

 #ifndef LEMON_MAX_MATCHING_H

 #define LEMON_MAX_MATCHING_H

 #include <queue>

 #include <invalid.h>

 #include <unionfind.h>

 #include <lemon/graph_utils.h>

 ///\ingroup galgs

 ///\file

 ///\brief Maximum matching algorithm.

 namespace lemon {

   /// \addtogroup galgs

   /// @{

   ///Edmonds' alternating forest maximum matching algorithm.

   ///This class provides Edmonds' alternating forest matching

   ///algorithm. The starting matching (if any) can be passed to the

   ///algorithm using read-in functions \ref readNMapNode, \ref

   ///readNMapEdge or \ref readEMapBool depending on the container. The

   ///resulting maximum matching can be attained by write-out functions

   ///\ref writeNMapNode, \ref writeNMapEdge or \ref writeEMapBool

   ///depending on the preferred container. 

   ///

   ///The dual side of a matching is a map of the nodes to

   ///MaxMatching::pos_enum, having values D, A and C showing the

   ///Gallai-Edmonds decomposition of the graph. The nodes in D induce

   ///a graph with factor-critical components, the nodes in A form the

   ///barrier, and the nodes in C induce a graph having a perfect

   ///matching. This decomposition can be attained by calling \ref

   ///writePos after running the algorithm. 

   ///

   ///\param Graph The undirected graph type the algorithm runs on.

   ///

   ///\author Jacint Szabo  

   template <typename Graph>

   class MaxMatching {

     typedef typename Graph::Node Node;

     typedef typename Graph::Edge Edge;

     typedef typename Graph::UndirEdgeIt UndirEdgeIt;

     typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;

     typedef typename Graph::IncEdgeIt IncEdgeIt;

     typedef UnionFindEnum<Node, Graph::template NodeMap> UFE;

   public:

     ///Indicates the Gallai-Edmonds decomposition of the graph.

     ///Indicates the Gallai-Edmonds decomposition of the graph, which

     ///shows an upper bound on the size of a maximum matching. The

     ///nodes with pos_enum \c D induce a graph with factor-critical

     ///components, the nodes in \c A form the canonical barrier, and the

     ///nodes in \c C induce a graph having a perfect matching. 

     enum pos_enum {

       D=0,

       A=1,

       C=2

     }; 

   private:

     static const int HEUR_density=2;

     const Graph& g;

     typename Graph::template NodeMap<Node> mate;

     typename Graph::template NodeMap<pos_enum> position;

   public:

     MaxMatching(const Graph& _g) : g(_g), mate(_g,INVALID), position(_g) {}

     ///Runs Edmonds' algorithm.

     ///Runs Edmonds' algorithm for sparse graphs (number of edges <

     ///2*number of nodes), and a heuristical Edmonds' algorithm with a

     ///heuristic of postponing shrinks for dense graphs. 

     inline void run();

     ///Runs Edmonds' algorithm.

     ///If heur=0 it runs Edmonds' algorithm. If heur=1 it runs

     ///Edmonds' algorithm with a heuristic of postponing shrinks,

     ///giving a faster algorithm for dense graphs.  

     void runEdmonds( int heur );

     ///Finds a greedy matching starting from the actual matching.

     ///Starting form the actual matching stored, it finds a maximal

     ///greedy matching.

     void greedyMatching();

     ///Returns the size of the actual matching stored.

     ///Returns the size of the actual matching stored. After \ref

     ///run() it returns the size of a maximum matching in the graph.

     int size() const;

     ///Resets the actual matching to the empty matching.

     ///Resets the actual matching to the empty matching.  

     ///

     void resetMatching();

     ///Reads a matching from a \c Node map of \c Nodes.

     ///Reads a matching from a \c Node map of \c Nodes. This map must be \e

     ///symmetric, i.e. if \c map[u]==v then \c map[v]==u must hold, and

     ///\c uv will be an edge of the matching.

     template<typename NMapN>

     void readNMapNode(NMapN& map) {

       for(NodeIt v(g); v!=INVALID; ++v) {

 	mate.set(v,map[v]);   

       } 

     } 

     ///Writes the stored matching to a \c Node map of \c Nodes.

     ///Writes the stored matching to a \c Node map of \c Nodes. The

     ///resulting map will be \e symmetric, i.e. if \c map[u]==v then \c

     ///map[v]==u will hold, and now \c uv is an edge of the matching.

     template<typename NMapN>

     void writeNMapNode (NMapN& map) const {

       for(NodeIt v(g); v!=INVALID; ++v) {

 	map.set(v,mate[v]);   

       } 

     } 

     ///Reads a matching from a \c Node map of \c Edges.

     ///Reads a matching from a \c Node map of incident \c Edges. This

     ///map must have the property that if \c G.target(map[u])==v then \c

     ///G.target(map[v])==u must hold, and now this edge is an edge of

     ///the matching.

     template<typename NMapE>

     void readNMapEdge(NMapE& map) {

      for(NodeIt v(g); v!=INVALID; ++v) {

 	Edge e=map[v];

 	if ( g.valid(e) )

 	  g.source(e) == v ? mate.set(v,g.target(e)) : mate.set(v,g.source(e)); 

       } 

     } 

     ///Writes the matching stored to a \c Node map of \c Edges.

     ///Writes the stored matching to a \c Node map of incident \c

     ///Edges. This map will have the property that if \c

     ///g.target(map[u])==v then \c g.target(map[v])==u holds, and now this

     ///edge is an edge of the matching.

     template<typename NMapE>

     void writeNMapEdge (NMapE& map)  const {

       typename Graph::template NodeMap<bool> todo(g,true); 

       for(NodeIt v(g); v!=INVALID; ++v) {

 	if ( todo[v] && mate[v]!=INVALID ) {

 	  Node u=mate[v];

 	  for(IncEdgeIt e(g,v); e!=INVALID; ++e) {

 	    if ( g.target(e) == u ) {

 	      map.set(u,e);

 	      map.set(v,e);

 	      todo.set(u,false);

 	      todo.set(v,false);

 	      break;

 	    }

 	  }

 	}

       } 

     }

     ///Reads a matching from an \c Edge map of \c bools.

     ///Reads a matching from an \c Edge map of \c bools. This map must

     ///have the property that there are no two adjacent edges \c e, \c

     ///f with \c map[e]==map[f]==true. The edges \c e with \c

     ///map[e]==true form the matching.

     template<typename EMapB>

     void readEMapBool(EMapB& map) {

       for(UndirEdgeIt e(g); e!=INVALID; ++e) {

 	if ( map[e] ) {

 	  Node u=g.source(e);	  

 	  Node v=g.target(e);

 	  mate.set(u,v);

 	  mate.set(v,u);

 	} 

       } 

     }

     ///Writes the matching stored to an \c Edge map of \c bools.

     ///Writes the matching stored to an \c Edge map of \c bools. This

     ///map will have the property that there are no two adjacent edges

     ///\c e, \c f with \c map[e]==map[f]==true. The edges \c e with \c

     ///map[e]==true form the matching.

     template<typename EMapB>

     void writeEMapBool (EMapB& map) const {

       for(UndirEdgeIt e(g); e!=INVALID; ++e) map.set(e,false);

       typename Graph::template NodeMap<bool> todo(g,true); 

       for(NodeIt v(g); v!=INVALID; ++v) {

 	if ( todo[v] && mate[v]!=INVALID ) {

 	  Node u=mate[v];

 	  for(IncEdgeIt e(g,v); e!=INVALID; ++e) {

 	    if ( g.target(e) == u ) {

 	      map.set(e,true);

 	      todo.set(u,false);

 	      todo.set(v,false);

 	      break;

 	    }

 	  }

 	}

       } 

     }

     ///Writes the canonical decomposition of the graph after running

     ///the algorithm.

     ///After calling any run methods of the class, it writes the

     ///Gallai-Edmonds canonical decomposition of the graph. \c map

     ///must be a node map of \ref pos_enum 's.

     template<typename NMapEnum>

     void writePos (NMapEnum& map) const {

       for(NodeIt v(g); v!=INVALID; ++v)  map.set(v,position[v]);

     }

   private: 

     void lateShrink(Node v, typename Graph::template NodeMap<Node>& ear,  

 		    UFE& blossom, UFE& tree);

     void normShrink(Node v, typename Graph::NodeMap<Node>& ear,  

 		    UFE& blossom, UFE& tree);

     bool noShrinkStep(Node x, typename Graph::NodeMap<Node>& ear,  

 		      UFE& blossom, UFE& tree, std::queue<Node>& Q);

     void shrinkStep(Node& top, Node& middle, Node& bottom, typename Graph::NodeMap<Node>& ear,  

 		    UFE& blossom, UFE& tree, std::queue<Node>& Q);

     void augment(Node x, typename Graph::NodeMap<Node>& ear,  

 		 UFE& blossom, UFE& tree);

   };

   // **********************************************************************

   //  IMPLEMENTATIONS

   // **********************************************************************

   template <typename Graph>

   void MaxMatching<Graph>::run() {

     if ( countUndirEdges(g) < HEUR_density*countNodes(g) ) {

       greedyMatching();

       runEdmonds(0);

     } else runEdmonds(1);

   }

   template <typename Graph>

   void MaxMatching<Graph>::runEdmonds( int heur=1 ) {

     for(NodeIt v(g); v!=INVALID; ++v)

       position.set(v,C);      

     typename Graph::template NodeMap<Node> ear(g,INVALID); 

     //undefined for the base nodes of the blossoms (i.e. for the

     //representative elements of UFE blossom) and for the nodes in C

     typename UFE::MapType blossom_base(g);

     UFE blossom(blossom_base);

     typename UFE::MapType tree_base(g);

     UFE tree(tree_base);

     for(NodeIt v(g); v!=INVALID; ++v) {

       if ( position[v]==C && mate[v]==INVALID ) {

 	blossom.insert(v);

 	tree.insert(v); 

 	position.set(v,D);

 	if ( heur == 1 ) lateShrink( v, ear, blossom, tree );

 	else normShrink( v, ear, blossom, tree );

       }

     }

   }

   template <typename Graph>

   void MaxMatching<Graph>::lateShrink(Node v, typename Graph::template NodeMap<Node>& ear,  

 				      UFE& blossom, UFE& tree) {

     std::queue<Node> Q;   //queue of the totally unscanned nodes

     Q.push(v);  

     std::queue<Node> R;   

     //queue of the nodes which must be scanned for a possible shrink

     while ( !Q.empty() ) {

       Node x=Q.front();

       Q.pop();

       if ( noShrinkStep( x, ear, blossom, tree, Q ) ) return;

       else R.push(x);

     }

     while ( !R.empty() ) {

       Node x=R.front();

       R.pop();

       for( IncEdgeIt e(g,x); e!=INVALID ; ++e ) {

 	Node y=g.target(e);

 	if ( position[y] == D && blossom.find(x) != blossom.find(y) ) { 

 	  //x and y must be in the same tree

 	  typename Graph::template NodeMap<bool> path(g,false);

 	  Node b=blossom.find(x);

 	  path.set(b,true);

 	  b=mate[b];

 	  while ( b!=INVALID ) { 

 	    b=blossom.find(ear[b]);

 	    path.set(b,true);

 	    b=mate[b];

 	  } //going till the root

 	  Node top=y;

 	  Node middle=blossom.find(top);

 	  Node bottom=x;

 	  while ( !path[middle] )

 	    shrinkStep(top, middle, bottom, ear, blossom, tree, Q);

 	  Node base=middle;

 	  top=x;

 	  middle=blossom.find(top);

 	  bottom=y;

 	  Node blossom_base=blossom.find(base);

 	  while ( middle!=blossom_base )

 	    shrinkStep(top, middle, bottom, ear, blossom, tree, Q);

 	  blossom.makeRep(base);

 	} // if shrink is needed

 	while ( !Q.empty() ) {

 	  Node x=Q.front();

 	  Q.pop();

 	  if ( noShrinkStep(x, ear, blossom, tree, Q) ) return;

 	  else R.push(x);

 	}

       } //for e

     } // while ( !R.empty() )

   }

   template <typename Graph>

   void MaxMatching<Graph>::normShrink(Node v, typename Graph::NodeMap<Node>& ear,  

 				      UFE& blossom, UFE& tree) {

     std::queue<Node> Q;   //queue of the unscanned nodes

     Q.push(v);  

     while ( !Q.empty() ) {

       Node x=Q.front();

       Q.pop();

       for( IncEdgeIt e(g,x); e!=INVALID; ++e ) {

 	Node y=g.target(e);

 	switch ( position[y] ) {

 	case D:          //x and y must be in the same tree

 	  if ( blossom.find(x) != blossom.find(y) ) { //shrink

 	    typename Graph::template NodeMap<bool> path(g,false);

 	    Node b=blossom.find(x);

 	    path.set(b,true);

 	    b=mate[b];

 	    while ( b!=INVALID ) { 

 	      b=blossom.find(ear[b]);

 	      path.set(b,true);

 	      b=mate[b];

 	    } //going till the root

 	    Node top=y;

 	    Node middle=blossom.find(top);

 	    Node bottom=x;

 	    while ( !path[middle] )

 	      shrinkStep(top, middle, bottom, ear, blossom, tree, Q);

 	    Node base=middle;

 	    top=x;

 	    middle=blossom.find(top);

 	    bottom=y;

 	    Node blossom_base=blossom.find(base);

 	    while ( middle!=blossom_base )

 	      shrinkStep(top, middle, bottom, ear, blossom, tree, Q);

 	    blossom.makeRep(base);

 	  }

 	  break;

 	case C:

 	  if ( mate[y]!=INVALID ) {   //grow

 	    ear.set(y,x);

 	    Node w=mate[y];

 	    blossom.insert(w);

 	    position.set(y,A); 

 	    position.set(w,D); 

 	    tree.insert(y);

 	    tree.insert(w);

 	    tree.join(y,blossom.find(x));  

 	    tree.join(w,y);  

 	    Q.push(w);

 	  } else {                 //augment  

 	    augment(x, ear, blossom, tree);

 	    mate.set(x,y);

 	    mate.set(y,x);

 	    return;

 	  } //if 

 	  break;

 	default: break;

 	}

       }

     }

   }

   template <typename Graph>

   void MaxMatching<Graph>::greedyMatching() {

     for(NodeIt v(g); v!=INVALID; ++v)

       if ( mate[v]==INVALID ) {

 	for( IncEdgeIt e(g,v); e!=INVALID ; ++e ) {

 	  Node y=g.target(e);

 	  if ( mate[y]==INVALID && y!=v ) {

 	    mate.set(v,y);

 	    mate.set(y,v);

 	    break;

 	  }

 	}

       } 

   }

   template <typename Graph>

   int MaxMatching<Graph>::size() const {

     int s=0;

     for(NodeIt v(g); v!=INVALID; ++v) {

       if ( mate[v]!=INVALID ) {

 	++s;

       }

     }

     return (int)s/2;

   }

   template <typename Graph>

   void MaxMatching<Graph>::resetMatching() {

     for(NodeIt v(g); v!=INVALID; ++v)

       mate.set(v,INVALID);      

   }

   template <typename Graph>

   bool MaxMatching<Graph>::noShrinkStep(Node x, typename Graph::NodeMap<Node>& ear,  

 					UFE& blossom, UFE& tree, std::queue<Node>& Q) {

     for( IncEdgeIt e(g,x); e!= INVALID; ++e ) {

       Node y=g.target(e);

       if ( position[y]==C ) {

 	if ( mate[y]!=INVALID ) {       //grow

 	  ear.set(y,x);

 	  Node w=mate[y];

 	  blossom.insert(w);

 	  position.set(y,A);

 	  position.set(w,D);

 	  tree.insert(y);

 	  tree.insert(w);

 	  tree.join(y,blossom.find(x));  

 	  tree.join(w,y);  

 	  Q.push(w);

 	} else {                      //augment 

 	  augment(x, ear, blossom, tree);

 	  mate.set(x,y);

 	  mate.set(y,x);

 	  return true;

 	}

       }

     }

     return false;

   }

   template <typename Graph>

   void MaxMatching<Graph>::shrinkStep(Node& top, Node& middle, Node& bottom, typename Graph::NodeMap<Node>& ear,  

 				      UFE& blossom, UFE& tree, std::queue<Node>& Q) {

     ear.set(top,bottom);

     Node t=top;

     while ( t!=middle ) {

       Node u=mate[t];

       t=ear[u];

       ear.set(t,u);

     } 

     bottom=mate[middle];

     position.set(bottom,D);

     Q.push(bottom);

     top=ear[bottom];		

     Node oldmiddle=middle;

     middle=blossom.find(top);

     tree.erase(bottom);

     tree.erase(oldmiddle);

     blossom.insert(bottom);

     blossom.join(bottom, oldmiddle);

     blossom.join(top, oldmiddle);

   }

   template <typename Graph>

   void MaxMatching<Graph>::augment(Node x, typename Graph::NodeMap<Node>& ear,  

 				   UFE& blossom, UFE& tree) { 

     Node v=mate[x];

     while ( v!=INVALID ) {

       Node u=ear[v];

       mate.set(v,u);

       Node tmp=v;

       v=mate[u];

       mate.set(u,tmp);

     }

     typename UFE::ItemIt it;

     for (tree.first(it,blossom.find(x)); tree.valid(it); tree.next(it)) {   

       if ( position[it] == D ) {

 	typename UFE::ItemIt b_it;

 	for (blossom.first(b_it,it); blossom.valid(b_it); blossom.next(b_it)) {  

 	  position.set( b_it ,C);

 	}

 	blossom.eraseClass(it);

       } else position.set( it ,C);

     }

     tree.eraseClass(x);

   }

   /// @}

 } //END OF NAMESPACE LEMON

 #endif //EDMONDS_H