beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: GNU Free Documentation License beckerjc@66: Version 1.2, November 2002 beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66:
PREAMBLE beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or beckerjc@66: other functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to beckerjc@66: assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with beckerjc@66: or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. beckerjc@66: Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way beckerjc@66: to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for beckerjc@66: modifications made by others. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative beckerjc@66: works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It beckerjc@66: complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license beckerjc@66: designed for free software. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for beckerjc@66: free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free beckerjc@66: program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the beckerjc@66: software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it beckerjc@66: can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or beckerjc@66: whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License beckerjc@66: principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. beckerjc@66:
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APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: This License applies to any manual or other work, in beckerjc@66: any medium, that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying beckerjc@66: it can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice beckerjc@66: grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use beckerjc@66: that work under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below, beckerjc@66: refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a beckerjc@66: licensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you beckerjc@66: copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under beckerjc@66: copyright law. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: A "Modified Version" of the Document means any beckerjc@66: work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, beckerjc@66: or with modifications and/or translated into another language. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or beckerjc@66: a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the beckerjc@66: relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the beckerjc@66: Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing beckerjc@66: that could fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the beckerjc@66: Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may beckerjc@66: not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of beckerjc@66: historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of beckerjc@66: legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position beckerjc@66: regarding them. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary beckerjc@66: Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant beckerjc@66: Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under beckerjc@66: this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of beckerjc@66: Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The beckerjc@66: Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not beckerjc@66: identify any Invariant Sections then there are none. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of beckerjc@66: text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the beckerjc@66: notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A beckerjc@66: Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at beckerjc@66: most 25 words. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a beckerjc@66: machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is beckerjc@66: available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the beckerjc@66: document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images beckerjc@66: composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely beckerjc@66: available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text beckerjc@66: formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable beckerjc@66: for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent beckerjc@66: file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to beckerjc@66: thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not beckerjc@66: Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any beckerjc@66: substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called beckerjc@66: "Opaque". beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain beckerjc@66: ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or beckerjc@66: XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, beckerjc@66: PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of beckerjc@66: transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats beckerjc@66: include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by beckerjc@66: proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or beckerjc@66: processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated beckerjc@66: HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output beckerjc@66: purposes only. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, beckerjc@66: the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, beckerjc@66: legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. beckerjc@66: For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title beckerjc@66: Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's beckerjc@66: title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit beckerjc@66: of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in beckerjc@66: parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. beckerjc@66: (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as beckerjc@66: "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To beckerjc@66: "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document beckerjc@66: means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this beckerjc@66: definition. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice beckerjc@66: which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty beckerjc@66: Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, beckerjc@66: but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that beckerjc@66: these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the beckerjc@66: meaning of this License. beckerjc@66:
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VERBATIM COPYING beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either beckerjc@66: commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the beckerjc@66: copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to beckerjc@66: the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other beckerjc@66: conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use beckerjc@66: technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying beckerjc@66: of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept beckerjc@66: compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough beckerjc@66: number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, beckerjc@66: and you may publicly display copies. beckerjc@66:
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COPYING IN QUANTITY beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly beckerjc@66: have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the beckerjc@66: Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the beckerjc@66: copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: beckerjc@66: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back beckerjc@66: cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the beckerjc@66: publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title beckerjc@66: with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add beckerjc@66: other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited beckerjc@66: to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and beckerjc@66: satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other beckerjc@66: respects. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit beckerjc@66: legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit beckerjc@66: reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent beckerjc@66: pages. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document beckerjc@66: numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable beckerjc@66: Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each beckerjc@66: Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general beckerjc@66: network-using public has access to download using public-standard beckerjc@66: network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of beckerjc@66: added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably beckerjc@66: prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, beckerjc@66: to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the beckerjc@66: stated location until at least one year after the last time you beckerjc@66: distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) beckerjc@66: of that edition to the public. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of beckerjc@66: the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to beckerjc@66: give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the beckerjc@66: Document. beckerjc@66:
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MODIFICATIONS beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document beckerjc@66: under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you beckerjc@66: release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the beckerjc@66: Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing beckerjc@66: distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever beckerjc@66: possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the beckerjc@66: Modified Version: beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a beckerjc@66: title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous beckerjc@66: versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History beckerjc@66: section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous beckerjc@66: version if the original publisher of that version gives permission. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more beckerjc@66: persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in beckerjc@66: the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal beckerjc@66: authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer beckerjc@66: than five), unless they release you from this requirement. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: State on the Title page the name of the publisher of beckerjc@66: the Modified Version, as the publisher. beckerjc@66: Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: Add an appropriate copyright notice for your beckerjc@66: modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a beckerjc@66: license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified beckerjc@66: Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the beckerjc@66: Addendum below. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: Preserve in that license notice the full lists of beckerjc@66: Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's beckerjc@66: license notice. beckerjc@66: Include an unaltered copy of this License. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its beckerjc@66: Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new beckerjc@66: authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title beckerjc@66: Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, beckerjc@66: create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the beckerjc@66: Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the beckerjc@66: Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: Preserve the network location, if any, given in the beckerjc@66: Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and beckerjc@66: likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous beckerjc@66: versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" beckerjc@66: section. You may omit a network location for a work that was beckerjc@66: published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the beckerjc@66: original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or beckerjc@66: "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the beckerjc@66: section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor beckerjc@66: acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, beckerjc@66: unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the beckerjc@66: equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". beckerjc@66: Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled beckerjc@66: "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or beckerjc@66: appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material beckerjc@66: copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all beckerjc@66: of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the beckerjc@66: list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. beckerjc@66: These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it beckerjc@66: contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various beckerjc@66: parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has beckerjc@66: been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a beckerjc@66: standard. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, beckerjc@66: and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the beckerjc@66: list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of beckerjc@66: Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through beckerjc@66: arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes beckerjc@66: a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by beckerjc@66: arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may beckerjc@66: not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission beckerjc@66: from the previous publisher that added the old one. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this beckerjc@66: License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to beckerjc@66: assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. beckerjc@66:
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COMBINING DOCUMENTS beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: You may combine the Document with other documents released under beckerjc@66: this License, under the terms defined in section beckerjc@66: 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the beckerjc@66: combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original beckerjc@66: documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your beckerjc@66: combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their beckerjc@66: Warranty Disclaimers. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and beckerjc@66: multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single beckerjc@66: copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but beckerjc@66: different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding beckerjc@66: at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or beckerjc@66: publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the beckerjc@66: same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections beckerjc@66: in the license notice of the combined work. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled beckerjc@66: "History" in the various original documents, forming one section beckerjc@66: Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled beckerjc@66: "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must beckerjc@66: delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements". beckerjc@66:
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COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other beckerjc@66: documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies beckerjc@66: of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is beckerjc@66: included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this beckerjc@66: License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other beckerjc@66: respects. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: You may extract a single document from such a collection, and beckerjc@66: distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a beckerjc@66: copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this beckerjc@66: License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that beckerjc@66: document. beckerjc@66:
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AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other beckerjc@66: separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a beckerjc@66: storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the beckerjc@66: copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal beckerjc@66: rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works beckerjc@66: permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does beckerjc@66: not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves beckerjc@66: derivative works of the Document. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these beckerjc@66: copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of beckerjc@66: the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers beckerjc@66: that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic beckerjc@66: equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise beckerjc@66: they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole beckerjc@66: aggregate. beckerjc@66:
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TRANSLATION beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may beckerjc@66: distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. beckerjc@66: Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special beckerjc@66: permission from their copyright holders, but you may include beckerjc@66: translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the beckerjc@66: original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a beckerjc@66: translation of this License, and all the license notices in the beckerjc@66: Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include beckerjc@66: the original English version of this License and the original versions beckerjc@66: of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the beckerjc@66: translation and the original version of this License or a notice or beckerjc@66: disclaimer, the original version will prevail. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", beckerjc@66: "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its beckerjc@66: Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual beckerjc@66: title. beckerjc@66:
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TERMINATION beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document beckerjc@66: except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt beckerjc@66: to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will beckerjc@66: automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, beckerjc@66: parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License beckerjc@66: will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain beckerjc@66: in full compliance. beckerjc@66:
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FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of beckerjc@66: the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions beckerjc@66: will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in beckerjc@66: detail to address new problems or concerns. See beckerjc@66: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version beckerjc@66: number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of beckerjc@66: this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option beckerjc@66: of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version beckerjc@66: or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the beckerjc@66: Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version beckerjc@66: number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not beckerjc@66: as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. beckerjc@66:
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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for beckerjc@66: your documents beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy beckerjc@66: of the License in the document and put the following copyright and beckerjc@66: license notices just after the title page: beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover beckerjc@66: Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this: beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66:
beckerjc@66: with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the beckerjc@66: Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. beckerjc@66:
beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other beckerjc@66: combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the beckerjc@66: situation. beckerjc@66: beckerjc@66: If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we beckerjc@66: recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free beckerjc@66: software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit beckerjc@66: their use in free software. beckerjc@66:
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