diff --git a/lemon/lgf_reader.h b/lemon/lgf_reader.h
--- a/lemon/lgf_reader.h
+++ b/lemon/lgf_reader.h
@@ -390,37 +390,13 @@
   template <typename Digraph>
   class DigraphReader;
 
-  /// \brief Return a \ref DigraphReader class
-  ///
-  /// This function just returns a \ref DigraphReader class.
-  /// \relates DigraphReader
   template <typename Digraph>
-  DigraphReader<Digraph> digraphReader(Digraph& digraph,
-                                       std::istream& is = std::cin) {
-    DigraphReader<Digraph> tmp(digraph, is);
-    return tmp;
-  }
-
-  /// \brief Return a \ref DigraphReader class
-  ///
-  /// This function just returns a \ref DigraphReader class.
-  /// \relates DigraphReader
+  DigraphReader<Digraph> digraphReader(Digraph& digraph, 
+                                       std::istream& is = std::cin);
   template <typename Digraph>
-  DigraphReader<Digraph> digraphReader(Digraph& digraph,
-                                       const std::string& fn) {
-    DigraphReader<Digraph> tmp(digraph, fn);
-    return tmp;
-  }
-
-  /// \brief Return a \ref DigraphReader class
-  ///
-  /// This function just returns a \ref DigraphReader class.
-  /// \relates DigraphReader
+  DigraphReader<Digraph> digraphReader(Digraph& digraph, const std::string& fn);
   template <typename Digraph>
-  DigraphReader<Digraph> digraphReader(Digraph& digraph, const char* fn) {
-    DigraphReader<Digraph> tmp(digraph, fn);
-    return tmp;
-  }
+  DigraphReader<Digraph> digraphReader(Digraph& digraph, const char *fn);
 
   /// \ingroup lemon_io
   ///
@@ -584,12 +560,13 @@
 
   private:
 
-    friend DigraphReader<Digraph> digraphReader<>(Digraph& digraph,
-                                                  std::istream& is);
-    friend DigraphReader<Digraph> digraphReader<>(Digraph& digraph,
-                                                  const std::string& fn);
-    friend DigraphReader<Digraph> digraphReader<>(Digraph& digraph,
-                                                  const char *fn);
+    template <typename DGR>
+    friend DigraphReader<DGR> digraphReader(DGR& digraph, std::istream& is);
+    template <typename DGR>
+    friend DigraphReader<DGR> digraphReader(DGR& digraph, 
+                                            const std::string& fn);
+    template <typename DGR>
+    friend DigraphReader<DGR> digraphReader(DGR& digraph, const char *fn);
 
     DigraphReader(DigraphReader& other)
       : _is(other._is), local_is(other.local_is), _digraph(other._digraph),
@@ -1210,38 +1187,47 @@
 
   };
 
+  /// \brief Return a \ref DigraphReader class
+  ///
+  /// This function just returns a \ref DigraphReader class.
+  /// \relates DigraphReader
+  template <typename Digraph>
+  DigraphReader<Digraph> digraphReader(Digraph& digraph, std::istream& is) {
+    DigraphReader<Digraph> tmp(digraph, is);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Return a \ref DigraphReader class
+  ///
+  /// This function just returns a \ref DigraphReader class.
+  /// \relates DigraphReader
+  template <typename Digraph>
+  DigraphReader<Digraph> digraphReader(Digraph& digraph,
+                                       const std::string& fn) {
+    DigraphReader<Digraph> tmp(digraph, fn);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Return a \ref DigraphReader class
+  ///
+  /// This function just returns a \ref DigraphReader class.
+  /// \relates DigraphReader
+  template <typename Digraph>
+  DigraphReader<Digraph> digraphReader(Digraph& digraph, const char* fn) {
+    DigraphReader<Digraph> tmp(digraph, fn);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
   template <typename Graph>
   class GraphReader;
-
-  /// \brief Return a \ref GraphReader class
-  ///
-  /// This function just returns a \ref GraphReader class.
-  /// \relates GraphReader
+ 
   template <typename Graph>
-  GraphReader<Graph> graphReader(Graph& graph, std::istream& is = std::cin) {
-    GraphReader<Graph> tmp(graph, is);
-    return tmp;
-  }
-
-  /// \brief Return a \ref GraphReader class
-  ///
-  /// This function just returns a \ref GraphReader class.
-  /// \relates GraphReader
+  GraphReader<Graph> graphReader(Graph& graph, 
+                                 std::istream& is = std::cin);
   template <typename Graph>
-  GraphReader<Graph> graphReader(Graph& graph, const std::string& fn) {
-    GraphReader<Graph> tmp(graph, fn);
-    return tmp;
-  }
-
-  /// \brief Return a \ref GraphReader class
-  ///
-  /// This function just returns a \ref GraphReader class.
-  /// \relates GraphReader
+  GraphReader<Graph> graphReader(Graph& graph, const std::string& fn);
   template <typename Graph>
-  GraphReader<Graph> graphReader(Graph& graph, const char* fn) {
-    GraphReader<Graph> tmp(graph, fn);
-    return tmp;
-  }
+  GraphReader<Graph> graphReader(Graph& graph, const char *fn);
 
   /// \ingroup lemon_io
   ///
@@ -1368,10 +1354,12 @@
     }
 
   private:
-    friend GraphReader<Graph> graphReader<>(Graph& graph, std::istream& is);
-    friend GraphReader<Graph> graphReader<>(Graph& graph,
-                                            const std::string& fn);
-    friend GraphReader<Graph> graphReader<>(Graph& graph, const char *fn);
+    template <typename GR>
+    friend GraphReader<GR> graphReader(GR& graph, std::istream& is);
+    template <typename GR>
+    friend GraphReader<GR> graphReader(GR& graph, const std::string& fn); 
+    template <typename GR>
+    friend GraphReader<GR> graphReader(GR& graph, const char *fn);
 
     GraphReader(GraphReader& other)
       : _is(other._is), local_is(other.local_is), _graph(other._graph),
@@ -2040,6 +2028,36 @@
 
   };
 
+  /// \brief Return a \ref GraphReader class
+  ///
+  /// This function just returns a \ref GraphReader class.
+  /// \relates GraphReader
+  template <typename Graph>
+  GraphReader<Graph> graphReader(Graph& graph, std::istream& is) {
+    GraphReader<Graph> tmp(graph, is);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Return a \ref GraphReader class
+  ///
+  /// This function just returns a \ref GraphReader class.
+  /// \relates GraphReader
+  template <typename Graph>
+  GraphReader<Graph> graphReader(Graph& graph, const std::string& fn) {
+    GraphReader<Graph> tmp(graph, fn);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Return a \ref GraphReader class
+  ///
+  /// This function just returns a \ref GraphReader class.
+  /// \relates GraphReader
+  template <typename Graph>
+  GraphReader<Graph> graphReader(Graph& graph, const char* fn) {
+    GraphReader<Graph> tmp(graph, fn);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
   class SectionReader;
 
   SectionReader sectionReader(std::istream& is);
diff --git a/lemon/lgf_writer.h b/lemon/lgf_writer.h
--- a/lemon/lgf_writer.h
+++ b/lemon/lgf_writer.h
@@ -350,38 +350,17 @@
   template <typename Digraph>
   class DigraphWriter;
 
-  /// \brief Return a \ref DigraphWriter class
-  ///
-  /// This function just returns a \ref DigraphWriter class.
-  /// \relates DigraphWriter
   template <typename Digraph>
   DigraphWriter<Digraph> digraphWriter(const Digraph& digraph,
-                                       std::ostream& os = std::cout) {
-    DigraphWriter<Digraph> tmp(digraph, os);
-    return tmp;
-  }
-
-  /// \brief Return a \ref DigraphWriter class
-  ///
-  /// This function just returns a \ref DigraphWriter class.
-  /// \relates DigraphWriter
+                                       std::ostream& os = std::cout);
   template <typename Digraph>
   DigraphWriter<Digraph> digraphWriter(const Digraph& digraph,
-                                       const std::string& fn) {
-    DigraphWriter<Digraph> tmp(digraph, fn);
-    return tmp;
-  }
+                                       const std::string& fn);
 
-  /// \brief Return a \ref DigraphWriter class
-  ///
-  /// This function just returns a \ref DigraphWriter class.
-  /// \relates DigraphWriter
   template <typename Digraph>
   DigraphWriter<Digraph> digraphWriter(const Digraph& digraph,
-                                       const char* fn) {
-    DigraphWriter<Digraph> tmp(digraph, fn);
-    return tmp;
-  }
+                                       const char* fn);
+
 
   /// \ingroup lemon_io
   ///
@@ -526,12 +505,15 @@
 
   private:
 
-    friend DigraphWriter<Digraph> digraphWriter<>(const Digraph& digraph,
-                                                  std::ostream& os);
-    friend DigraphWriter<Digraph> digraphWriter<>(const Digraph& digraph,
-                                                  const std::string& fn);
-    friend DigraphWriter<Digraph> digraphWriter<>(const Digraph& digraph,
-                                                  const char *fn);
+    template <typename DGR>
+    friend DigraphWriter<DGR> digraphWriter(const DGR& digraph, 
+                                            std::ostream& os);
+    template <typename DGR>
+    friend DigraphWriter<DGR> digraphWriter(const DGR& digraph,
+                                            const std::string& fn);
+    template <typename DGR>
+    friend DigraphWriter<DGR> digraphWriter(const DGR& digraph,
+                                            const char *fn);
 
     DigraphWriter(DigraphWriter& other)
       : _os(other._os), local_os(other.local_os), _digraph(other._digraph),
@@ -933,39 +915,49 @@
     /// @}
   };
 
+  /// \brief Return a \ref DigraphWriter class
+  ///
+  /// This function just returns a \ref DigraphWriter class.
+  /// \relates DigraphWriter
+  template <typename Digraph>
+  DigraphWriter<Digraph> digraphWriter(const Digraph& digraph,
+                                       std::ostream& os) {
+    DigraphWriter<Digraph> tmp(digraph, os);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Return a \ref DigraphWriter class
+  ///
+  /// This function just returns a \ref DigraphWriter class.
+  /// \relates DigraphWriter
+  template <typename Digraph>
+  DigraphWriter<Digraph> digraphWriter(const Digraph& digraph,
+                                       const std::string& fn) {
+    DigraphWriter<Digraph> tmp(digraph, fn);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Return a \ref DigraphWriter class
+  ///
+  /// This function just returns a \ref DigraphWriter class.
+  /// \relates DigraphWriter
+  template <typename Digraph>
+  DigraphWriter<Digraph> digraphWriter(const Digraph& digraph,
+                                       const char* fn) {
+    DigraphWriter<Digraph> tmp(digraph, fn);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
   template <typename Graph>
   class GraphWriter;
 
-  /// \brief Return a \ref GraphWriter class
-  ///
-  /// This function just returns a \ref GraphWriter class.
-  /// \relates GraphWriter
   template <typename Graph>
   GraphWriter<Graph> graphWriter(const Graph& graph,
-                                 std::ostream& os = std::cout) {
-    GraphWriter<Graph> tmp(graph, os);
-    return tmp;
-  }
-
-  /// \brief Return a \ref GraphWriter class
-  ///
-  /// This function just returns a \ref GraphWriter class.
-  /// \relates GraphWriter
+                                 std::ostream& os = std::cout);
   template <typename Graph>
-  GraphWriter<Graph> graphWriter(const Graph& graph, const std::string& fn) {
-    GraphWriter<Graph> tmp(graph, fn);
-    return tmp;
-  }
-
-  /// \brief Return a \ref GraphWriter class
-  ///
-  /// This function just returns a \ref GraphWriter class.
-  /// \relates GraphWriter
+  GraphWriter<Graph> graphWriter(const Graph& graph, const std::string& fn);
   template <typename Graph>
-  GraphWriter<Graph> graphWriter(const Graph& graph, const char* fn) {
-    GraphWriter<Graph> tmp(graph, fn);
-    return tmp;
-  }
+  GraphWriter<Graph> graphWriter(const Graph& graph, const char* fn);
 
   /// \ingroup lemon_io
   ///
@@ -1081,13 +1073,16 @@
 
   private:
 
-    friend GraphWriter<Graph> graphWriter<>(const Graph& graph,
-                                            std::ostream& os);
-    friend GraphWriter<Graph> graphWriter<>(const Graph& graph,
-                                            const std::string& fn);
-    friend GraphWriter<Graph> graphWriter<>(const Graph& graph,
-                                            const char *fn);
-
+    template <typename GR>
+    friend GraphWriter<GR> graphWriter(const GR& graph,
+                                       std::ostream& os);
+    template <typename GR>
+    friend GraphWriter<GR> graphWriter(const GR& graph,
+                                       const std::string& fn);
+    template <typename GR>
+    friend GraphWriter<GR> graphWriter(const GR& graph,
+                                       const char *fn);
+    
     GraphWriter(GraphWriter& other)
       : _os(other._os), local_os(other.local_os), _graph(other._graph),
         _skip_nodes(other._skip_nodes), _skip_edges(other._skip_edges) {
@@ -1534,6 +1529,37 @@
     /// @}
   };
 
+  /// \brief Return a \ref GraphWriter class
+  ///
+  /// This function just returns a \ref GraphWriter class.
+  /// \relates GraphWriter
+  template <typename Graph>
+  GraphWriter<Graph> graphWriter(const Graph& graph,
+                                 std::ostream& os) {
+    GraphWriter<Graph> tmp(graph, os);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Return a \ref GraphWriter class
+  ///
+  /// This function just returns a \ref GraphWriter class.
+  /// \relates GraphWriter
+  template <typename Graph>
+  GraphWriter<Graph> graphWriter(const Graph& graph, const std::string& fn) {
+    GraphWriter<Graph> tmp(graph, fn);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
+  /// \brief Return a \ref GraphWriter class
+  ///
+  /// This function just returns a \ref GraphWriter class.
+  /// \relates GraphWriter
+  template <typename Graph>
+  GraphWriter<Graph> graphWriter(const Graph& graph, const char* fn) {
+    GraphWriter<Graph> tmp(graph, fn);
+    return tmp;
+  }
+
   class SectionWriter;
 
   SectionWriter sectionWriter(std::istream& is);
diff --git a/lemon/path.h b/lemon/path.h
--- a/lemon/path.h
+++ b/lemon/path.h
@@ -929,9 +929,8 @@
     };
 
     template <typename Target, typename Source,
-              bool buildEnable = BuildTagIndicator<Target>::value,
-              bool revEnable = RevPathTagIndicator<Source>::value>
-    struct PathCopySelector {
+              bool buildEnable = BuildTagIndicator<Target>::value>
+    struct PathCopySelectorForward {
       static void copy(Target& target, const Source& source) {
         target.clear();
         for (typename Source::ArcIt it(source); it != INVALID; ++it) {
@@ -941,7 +940,16 @@
     };
 
     template <typename Target, typename Source>
-    struct PathCopySelector<Target, Source, false, true> {
+    struct PathCopySelectorForward<Target, Source, true> {
+      static void copy(Target& target, const Source& source) {
+        target.clear();
+        target.build(source);
+      }
+    };
+
+    template <typename Target, typename Source,
+              bool buildEnable = BuildTagIndicator<Target>::value>
+    struct PathCopySelectorBackward {
       static void copy(Target& target, const Source& source) {
         target.clear();
         for (typename Source::RevArcIt it(source); it != INVALID; ++it) {
@@ -951,21 +959,29 @@
     };
 
     template <typename Target, typename Source>
-    struct PathCopySelector<Target, Source, true, false> {
-      static void copy(Target& target, const Source& source) {
-        target.clear();
-        target.build(source);
-      }
-    };
-
-    template <typename Target, typename Source>
-    struct PathCopySelector<Target, Source, true, true> {
+    struct PathCopySelectorBackward<Target, Source, true> {
       static void copy(Target& target, const Source& source) {
         target.clear();
         target.buildRev(source);
       }
     };
 
+    
+    template <typename Target, typename Source,
+              bool revEnable = RevPathTagIndicator<Source>::value>
+    struct PathCopySelector {
+      static void copy(Target& target, const Source& source) {
+        PathCopySelectorForward<Target, Source>::copy(target, source);
+      }      
+    };
+
+    template <typename Target, typename Source>
+    struct PathCopySelector<Target, Source, true> {
+      static void copy(Target& target, const Source& source) {
+        PathCopySelectorBackward<Target, Source>::copy(target, source);
+      }      
+    };
+
   }
 
 
diff --git a/lemon/random.h b/lemon/random.h
--- a/lemon/random.h
+++ b/lemon/random.h
@@ -344,56 +344,46 @@
       }
     };
 
-    template <typename Result, int exp, bool pos = (exp >= 0)>
+    template <typename Result, int exp>
     struct ShiftMultiplier {
       static const Result multiplier() {
         Result res = ShiftMultiplier<Result, exp / 2>::multiplier();
         res *= res;
-        if ((exp & 1) == 1) res *= static_cast<Result>(2.0);
-        return res;
-      }
-    };
-
-    template <typename Result, int exp>
-    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, exp, false> {
-      static const Result multiplier() {
-        Result res = ShiftMultiplier<Result, exp / 2>::multiplier();
-        res *= res;
         if ((exp & 1) == 1) res *= static_cast<Result>(0.5);
         return res;
       }
     };
 
     template <typename Result>
-    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, 0, true> {
+    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, 0> {
       static const Result multiplier() {
         return static_cast<Result>(1.0);
       }
     };
 
     template <typename Result>
-    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, -20, true> {
+    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, 20> {
       static const Result multiplier() {
         return static_cast<Result>(1.0/1048576.0);
       }
     };
 
     template <typename Result>
-    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, -32, true> {
+    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, 32> {
       static const Result multiplier() {
-        return static_cast<Result>(1.0/424967296.0);
+        return static_cast<Result>(1.0/4294967296.0);
       }
     };
 
     template <typename Result>
-    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, -53, true> {
+    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, 53> {
       static const Result multiplier() {
         return static_cast<Result>(1.0/9007199254740992.0);
       }
     };
 
     template <typename Result>
-    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, -64, true> {
+    struct ShiftMultiplier<Result, 64> {
       static const Result multiplier() {
         return static_cast<Result>(1.0/18446744073709551616.0);
       }
@@ -413,7 +403,7 @@
       static const int bits = std::numeric_limits<Word>::digits;
 
       static Result convert(RandomCore<Word>& rnd) {
-        return Shifting<Result, - shift - rest>::
+        return Shifting<Result, shift + rest>::
           shift(static_cast<Result>(rnd() >> (bits - rest)));
       }
     };
@@ -423,7 +413,7 @@
       static const int bits = std::numeric_limits<Word>::digits;
 
       static Result convert(RandomCore<Word>& rnd) {
-        return Shifting<Result, - shift - bits>::
+        return Shifting<Result, shift + bits>::
           shift(static_cast<Result>(rnd())) +
           RealConversion<Result, Word, rest-bits, shift + bits>::
           convert(rnd);