COIN-OR::LEMON - Graph Library

source: lemon/lemon/connectivity.h @ 969:6dd226d3dcba

Last change on this file since 969:6dd226d3dcba was 956:141f9c0db4a3, checked in by Alpar Juttner <alpar@…>, 15 years ago

Unify the sources (#339)

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1/* -*- mode: C++; indent-tabs-mode: nil; -*-
2 *
3 * This file is a part of LEMON, a generic C++ optimization library.
4 *
5 * Copyright (C) 2003-2010
6 * Egervary Jeno Kombinatorikus Optimalizalasi Kutatocsoport
7 * (Egervary Research Group on Combinatorial Optimization, EGRES).
8 *
9 * Permission to use, modify and distribute this software is granted
10 * provided that this copyright notice appears in all copies. For
11 * precise terms see the accompanying LICENSE file.
12 *
13 * This software is provided "AS IS" with no warranty of any kind,
14 * express or implied, and with no claim as to its suitability for any
15 * purpose.
16 *
17 */
18
19#ifndef LEMON_CONNECTIVITY_H
20#define LEMON_CONNECTIVITY_H
21
22#include <lemon/dfs.h>
23#include <lemon/bfs.h>
24#include <lemon/core.h>
25#include <lemon/maps.h>
26#include <lemon/adaptors.h>
27
28#include <lemon/concepts/digraph.h>
29#include <lemon/concepts/graph.h>
30#include <lemon/concept_check.h>
31
32#include <stack>
33#include <functional>
34
35/// \ingroup graph_properties
36/// \file
37/// \brief Connectivity algorithms
38///
39/// Connectivity algorithms
40
41namespace lemon {
42
43  /// \ingroup graph_properties
44  ///
45  /// \brief Check whether an undirected graph is connected.
46  ///
47  /// This function checks whether the given undirected graph is connected,
48  /// i.e. there is a path between any two nodes in the graph.
49  ///
50  /// \return \c true if the graph is connected.
51  /// \note By definition, the empty graph is connected.
52  ///
53  /// \see countConnectedComponents(), connectedComponents()
54  /// \see stronglyConnected()
55  template <typename Graph>
56  bool connected(const Graph& graph) {
57    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
58    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
59    if (NodeIt(graph) == INVALID) return true;
60    Dfs<Graph> dfs(graph);
61    dfs.run(NodeIt(graph));
62    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
63      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
64        return false;
65      }
66    }
67    return true;
68  }
69
70  /// \ingroup graph_properties
71  ///
72  /// \brief Count the number of connected components of an undirected graph
73  ///
74  /// This function counts the number of connected components of the given
75  /// undirected graph.
76  ///
77  /// The connected components are the classes of an equivalence relation
78  /// on the nodes of an undirected graph. Two nodes are in the same class
79  /// if they are connected with a path.
80  ///
81  /// \return The number of connected components.
82  /// \note By definition, the empty graph consists
83  /// of zero connected components.
84  ///
85  /// \see connected(), connectedComponents()
86  template <typename Graph>
87  int countConnectedComponents(const Graph &graph) {
88    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
89    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
90    typedef typename Graph::Arc Arc;
91
92    typedef NullMap<Node, Arc> PredMap;
93    typedef NullMap<Node, int> DistMap;
94
95    int compNum = 0;
96    typename Bfs<Graph>::
97      template SetPredMap<PredMap>::
98      template SetDistMap<DistMap>::
99      Create bfs(graph);
100
101    PredMap predMap;
102    bfs.predMap(predMap);
103
104    DistMap distMap;
105    bfs.distMap(distMap);
106
107    bfs.init();
108    for(typename Graph::NodeIt n(graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
109      if (!bfs.reached(n)) {
110        bfs.addSource(n);
111        bfs.start();
112        ++compNum;
113      }
114    }
115    return compNum;
116  }
117
118  /// \ingroup graph_properties
119  ///
120  /// \brief Find the connected components of an undirected graph
121  ///
122  /// This function finds the connected components of the given undirected
123  /// graph.
124  ///
125  /// The connected components are the classes of an equivalence relation
126  /// on the nodes of an undirected graph. Two nodes are in the same class
127  /// if they are connected with a path.
128  ///
129  /// \image html connected_components.png
130  /// \image latex connected_components.eps "Connected components" width=\textwidth
131  ///
132  /// \param graph The undirected graph.
133  /// \retval compMap A writable node map. The values will be set from 0 to
134  /// the number of the connected components minus one. Each value of the map
135  /// will be set exactly once, and the values of a certain component will be
136  /// set continuously.
137  /// \return The number of connected components.
138  /// \note By definition, the empty graph consists
139  /// of zero connected components.
140  ///
141  /// \see connected(), countConnectedComponents()
142  template <class Graph, class NodeMap>
143  int connectedComponents(const Graph &graph, NodeMap &compMap) {
144    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
145    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
146    typedef typename Graph::Arc Arc;
147    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Node, int>, NodeMap>();
148
149    typedef NullMap<Node, Arc> PredMap;
150    typedef NullMap<Node, int> DistMap;
151
152    int compNum = 0;
153    typename Bfs<Graph>::
154      template SetPredMap<PredMap>::
155      template SetDistMap<DistMap>::
156      Create bfs(graph);
157
158    PredMap predMap;
159    bfs.predMap(predMap);
160
161    DistMap distMap;
162    bfs.distMap(distMap);
163
164    bfs.init();
165    for(typename Graph::NodeIt n(graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
166      if(!bfs.reached(n)) {
167        bfs.addSource(n);
168        while (!bfs.emptyQueue()) {
169          compMap.set(bfs.nextNode(), compNum);
170          bfs.processNextNode();
171        }
172        ++compNum;
173      }
174    }
175    return compNum;
176  }
177
178  namespace _connectivity_bits {
179
180    template <typename Digraph, typename Iterator >
181    struct LeaveOrderVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
182    public:
183      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
184      LeaveOrderVisitor(Iterator it) : _it(it) {}
185
186      void leave(const Node& node) {
187        *(_it++) = node;
188      }
189
190    private:
191      Iterator _it;
192    };
193
194    template <typename Digraph, typename Map>
195    struct FillMapVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
196    public:
197      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
198      typedef typename Map::Value Value;
199
200      FillMapVisitor(Map& map, Value& value)
201        : _map(map), _value(value) {}
202
203      void reach(const Node& node) {
204        _map.set(node, _value);
205      }
206    private:
207      Map& _map;
208      Value& _value;
209    };
210
211    template <typename Digraph, typename ArcMap>
212    struct StronglyConnectedCutArcsVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
213    public:
214      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
215      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
216
217      StronglyConnectedCutArcsVisitor(const Digraph& digraph,
218                                      ArcMap& cutMap,
219                                      int& cutNum)
220        : _digraph(digraph), _cutMap(cutMap), _cutNum(cutNum),
221          _compMap(digraph, -1), _num(-1) {
222      }
223
224      void start(const Node&) {
225        ++_num;
226      }
227
228      void reach(const Node& node) {
229        _compMap.set(node, _num);
230      }
231
232      void examine(const Arc& arc) {
233         if (_compMap[_digraph.source(arc)] !=
234             _compMap[_digraph.target(arc)]) {
235           _cutMap.set(arc, true);
236           ++_cutNum;
237         }
238      }
239    private:
240      const Digraph& _digraph;
241      ArcMap& _cutMap;
242      int& _cutNum;
243
244      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _compMap;
245      int _num;
246    };
247
248  }
249
250
251  /// \ingroup graph_properties
252  ///
253  /// \brief Check whether a directed graph is strongly connected.
254  ///
255  /// This function checks whether the given directed graph is strongly
256  /// connected, i.e. any two nodes of the digraph are
257  /// connected with directed paths in both direction.
258  ///
259  /// \return \c true if the digraph is strongly connected.
260  /// \note By definition, the empty digraph is strongly connected.
261  ///
262  /// \see countStronglyConnectedComponents(), stronglyConnectedComponents()
263  /// \see connected()
264  template <typename Digraph>
265  bool stronglyConnected(const Digraph& digraph) {
266    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
267
268    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
269    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
270
271    typename Digraph::Node source = NodeIt(digraph);
272    if (source == INVALID) return true;
273
274    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
275
276    typedef DfsVisitor<Digraph> Visitor;
277    Visitor visitor;
278
279    DfsVisit<Digraph, Visitor> dfs(digraph, visitor);
280    dfs.init();
281    dfs.addSource(source);
282    dfs.start();
283
284    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
285      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
286        return false;
287      }
288    }
289
290    typedef ReverseDigraph<const Digraph> RDigraph;
291    typedef typename RDigraph::NodeIt RNodeIt;
292    RDigraph rdigraph(digraph);
293
294    typedef DfsVisitor<RDigraph> RVisitor;
295    RVisitor rvisitor;
296
297    DfsVisit<RDigraph, RVisitor> rdfs(rdigraph, rvisitor);
298    rdfs.init();
299    rdfs.addSource(source);
300    rdfs.start();
301
302    for (RNodeIt it(rdigraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
303      if (!rdfs.reached(it)) {
304        return false;
305      }
306    }
307
308    return true;
309  }
310
311  /// \ingroup graph_properties
312  ///
313  /// \brief Count the number of strongly connected components of a
314  /// directed graph
315  ///
316  /// This function counts the number of strongly connected components of
317  /// the given directed graph.
318  ///
319  /// The strongly connected components are the classes of an
320  /// equivalence relation on the nodes of a digraph. Two nodes are in
321  /// the same class if they are connected with directed paths in both
322  /// direction.
323  ///
324  /// \return The number of strongly connected components.
325  /// \note By definition, the empty digraph has zero
326  /// strongly connected components.
327  ///
328  /// \see stronglyConnected(), stronglyConnectedComponents()
329  template <typename Digraph>
330  int countStronglyConnectedComponents(const Digraph& digraph) {
331    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
332
333    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
334
335    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
336    typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
337    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
338    typedef typename Digraph::ArcIt ArcIt;
339
340    typedef std::vector<Node> Container;
341    typedef typename Container::iterator Iterator;
342
343    Container nodes(countNodes(digraph));
344    typedef LeaveOrderVisitor<Digraph, Iterator> Visitor;
345    Visitor visitor(nodes.begin());
346
347    DfsVisit<Digraph, Visitor> dfs(digraph, visitor);
348    dfs.init();
349    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
350      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
351        dfs.addSource(it);
352        dfs.start();
353      }
354    }
355
356    typedef typename Container::reverse_iterator RIterator;
357    typedef ReverseDigraph<const Digraph> RDigraph;
358
359    RDigraph rdigraph(digraph);
360
361    typedef DfsVisitor<Digraph> RVisitor;
362    RVisitor rvisitor;
363
364    DfsVisit<RDigraph, RVisitor> rdfs(rdigraph, rvisitor);
365
366    int compNum = 0;
367
368    rdfs.init();
369    for (RIterator it = nodes.rbegin(); it != nodes.rend(); ++it) {
370      if (!rdfs.reached(*it)) {
371        rdfs.addSource(*it);
372        rdfs.start();
373        ++compNum;
374      }
375    }
376    return compNum;
377  }
378
379  /// \ingroup graph_properties
380  ///
381  /// \brief Find the strongly connected components of a directed graph
382  ///
383  /// This function finds the strongly connected components of the given
384  /// directed graph. In addition, the numbering of the components will
385  /// satisfy that there is no arc going from a higher numbered component
386  /// to a lower one (i.e. it provides a topological order of the components).
387  ///
388  /// The strongly connected components are the classes of an
389  /// equivalence relation on the nodes of a digraph. Two nodes are in
390  /// the same class if they are connected with directed paths in both
391  /// direction.
392  ///
393  /// \image html strongly_connected_components.png
394  /// \image latex strongly_connected_components.eps "Strongly connected components" width=\textwidth
395  ///
396  /// \param digraph The digraph.
397  /// \retval compMap A writable node map. The values will be set from 0 to
398  /// the number of the strongly connected components minus one. Each value
399  /// of the map will be set exactly once, and the values of a certain
400  /// component will be set continuously.
401  /// \return The number of strongly connected components.
402  /// \note By definition, the empty digraph has zero
403  /// strongly connected components.
404  ///
405  /// \see stronglyConnected(), countStronglyConnectedComponents()
406  template <typename Digraph, typename NodeMap>
407  int stronglyConnectedComponents(const Digraph& digraph, NodeMap& compMap) {
408    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
409    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
410    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
411    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Node, int>, NodeMap>();
412
413    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
414
415    typedef std::vector<Node> Container;
416    typedef typename Container::iterator Iterator;
417
418    Container nodes(countNodes(digraph));
419    typedef LeaveOrderVisitor<Digraph, Iterator> Visitor;
420    Visitor visitor(nodes.begin());
421
422    DfsVisit<Digraph, Visitor> dfs(digraph, visitor);
423    dfs.init();
424    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
425      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
426        dfs.addSource(it);
427        dfs.start();
428      }
429    }
430
431    typedef typename Container::reverse_iterator RIterator;
432    typedef ReverseDigraph<const Digraph> RDigraph;
433
434    RDigraph rdigraph(digraph);
435
436    int compNum = 0;
437
438    typedef FillMapVisitor<RDigraph, NodeMap> RVisitor;
439    RVisitor rvisitor(compMap, compNum);
440
441    DfsVisit<RDigraph, RVisitor> rdfs(rdigraph, rvisitor);
442
443    rdfs.init();
444    for (RIterator it = nodes.rbegin(); it != nodes.rend(); ++it) {
445      if (!rdfs.reached(*it)) {
446        rdfs.addSource(*it);
447        rdfs.start();
448        ++compNum;
449      }
450    }
451    return compNum;
452  }
453
454  /// \ingroup graph_properties
455  ///
456  /// \brief Find the cut arcs of the strongly connected components.
457  ///
458  /// This function finds the cut arcs of the strongly connected components
459  /// of the given digraph.
460  ///
461  /// The strongly connected components are the classes of an
462  /// equivalence relation on the nodes of a digraph. Two nodes are in
463  /// the same class if they are connected with directed paths in both
464  /// direction.
465  /// The strongly connected components are separated by the cut arcs.
466  ///
467  /// \param digraph The digraph.
468  /// \retval cutMap A writable arc map. The values will be set to \c true
469  /// for the cut arcs (exactly once for each cut arc), and will not be
470  /// changed for other arcs.
471  /// \return The number of cut arcs.
472  ///
473  /// \see stronglyConnected(), stronglyConnectedComponents()
474  template <typename Digraph, typename ArcMap>
475  int stronglyConnectedCutArcs(const Digraph& digraph, ArcMap& cutMap) {
476    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
477    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
478    typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
479    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
480    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Arc, bool>, ArcMap>();
481
482    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
483
484    typedef std::vector<Node> Container;
485    typedef typename Container::iterator Iterator;
486
487    Container nodes(countNodes(digraph));
488    typedef LeaveOrderVisitor<Digraph, Iterator> Visitor;
489    Visitor visitor(nodes.begin());
490
491    DfsVisit<Digraph, Visitor> dfs(digraph, visitor);
492    dfs.init();
493    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
494      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
495        dfs.addSource(it);
496        dfs.start();
497      }
498    }
499
500    typedef typename Container::reverse_iterator RIterator;
501    typedef ReverseDigraph<const Digraph> RDigraph;
502
503    RDigraph rdigraph(digraph);
504
505    int cutNum = 0;
506
507    typedef StronglyConnectedCutArcsVisitor<RDigraph, ArcMap> RVisitor;
508    RVisitor rvisitor(rdigraph, cutMap, cutNum);
509
510    DfsVisit<RDigraph, RVisitor> rdfs(rdigraph, rvisitor);
511
512    rdfs.init();
513    for (RIterator it = nodes.rbegin(); it != nodes.rend(); ++it) {
514      if (!rdfs.reached(*it)) {
515        rdfs.addSource(*it);
516        rdfs.start();
517      }
518    }
519    return cutNum;
520  }
521
522  namespace _connectivity_bits {
523
524    template <typename Digraph>
525    class CountBiNodeConnectedComponentsVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
526    public:
527      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
528      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
529      typedef typename Digraph::Edge Edge;
530
531      CountBiNodeConnectedComponentsVisitor(const Digraph& graph, int &compNum)
532        : _graph(graph), _compNum(compNum),
533          _numMap(graph), _retMap(graph), _predMap(graph), _num(0) {}
534
535      void start(const Node& node) {
536        _predMap.set(node, INVALID);
537      }
538
539      void reach(const Node& node) {
540        _numMap.set(node, _num);
541        _retMap.set(node, _num);
542        ++_num;
543      }
544
545      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
546        _predMap.set(_graph.target(edge), _graph.source(edge));
547      }
548
549      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
550        if (_graph.source(edge) == _graph.target(edge) &&
551            _graph.direction(edge)) {
552          ++_compNum;
553          return;
554        }
555        if (_predMap[_graph.source(edge)] == _graph.target(edge)) {
556          return;
557        }
558        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _numMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
559          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _numMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
560        }
561      }
562
563      void backtrack(const Arc& edge) {
564        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
565          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
566        }
567        if (_numMap[_graph.source(edge)] <= _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
568          ++_compNum;
569        }
570      }
571
572    private:
573      const Digraph& _graph;
574      int& _compNum;
575
576      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _numMap;
577      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _retMap;
578      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Node> _predMap;
579      int _num;
580    };
581
582    template <typename Digraph, typename ArcMap>
583    class BiNodeConnectedComponentsVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
584    public:
585      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
586      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
587      typedef typename Digraph::Edge Edge;
588
589      BiNodeConnectedComponentsVisitor(const Digraph& graph,
590                                       ArcMap& compMap, int &compNum)
591        : _graph(graph), _compMap(compMap), _compNum(compNum),
592          _numMap(graph), _retMap(graph), _predMap(graph), _num(0) {}
593
594      void start(const Node& node) {
595        _predMap.set(node, INVALID);
596      }
597
598      void reach(const Node& node) {
599        _numMap.set(node, _num);
600        _retMap.set(node, _num);
601        ++_num;
602      }
603
604      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
605        Node target = _graph.target(edge);
606        _predMap.set(target, edge);
607        _edgeStack.push(edge);
608      }
609
610      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
611        Node source = _graph.source(edge);
612        Node target = _graph.target(edge);
613        if (source == target && _graph.direction(edge)) {
614          _compMap.set(edge, _compNum);
615          ++_compNum;
616          return;
617        }
618        if (_numMap[target] < _numMap[source]) {
619          if (_predMap[source] != _graph.oppositeArc(edge)) {
620            _edgeStack.push(edge);
621          }
622        }
623        if (_predMap[source] != INVALID &&
624            target == _graph.source(_predMap[source])) {
625          return;
626        }
627        if (_retMap[source] > _numMap[target]) {
628          _retMap.set(source, _numMap[target]);
629        }
630      }
631
632      void backtrack(const Arc& edge) {
633        Node source = _graph.source(edge);
634        Node target = _graph.target(edge);
635        if (_retMap[source] > _retMap[target]) {
636          _retMap.set(source, _retMap[target]);
637        }
638        if (_numMap[source] <= _retMap[target]) {
639          while (_edgeStack.top() != edge) {
640            _compMap.set(_edgeStack.top(), _compNum);
641            _edgeStack.pop();
642          }
643          _compMap.set(edge, _compNum);
644          _edgeStack.pop();
645          ++_compNum;
646        }
647      }
648
649    private:
650      const Digraph& _graph;
651      ArcMap& _compMap;
652      int& _compNum;
653
654      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _numMap;
655      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _retMap;
656      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Arc> _predMap;
657      std::stack<Edge> _edgeStack;
658      int _num;
659    };
660
661
662    template <typename Digraph, typename NodeMap>
663    class BiNodeConnectedCutNodesVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
664    public:
665      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
666      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
667      typedef typename Digraph::Edge Edge;
668
669      BiNodeConnectedCutNodesVisitor(const Digraph& graph, NodeMap& cutMap,
670                                     int& cutNum)
671        : _graph(graph), _cutMap(cutMap), _cutNum(cutNum),
672          _numMap(graph), _retMap(graph), _predMap(graph), _num(0) {}
673
674      void start(const Node& node) {
675        _predMap.set(node, INVALID);
676        rootCut = false;
677      }
678
679      void reach(const Node& node) {
680        _numMap.set(node, _num);
681        _retMap.set(node, _num);
682        ++_num;
683      }
684
685      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
686        _predMap.set(_graph.target(edge), _graph.source(edge));
687      }
688
689      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
690        if (_graph.source(edge) == _graph.target(edge) &&
691            _graph.direction(edge)) {
692          if (!_cutMap[_graph.source(edge)]) {
693            _cutMap.set(_graph.source(edge), true);
694            ++_cutNum;
695          }
696          return;
697        }
698        if (_predMap[_graph.source(edge)] == _graph.target(edge)) return;
699        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _numMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
700          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _numMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
701        }
702      }
703
704      void backtrack(const Arc& edge) {
705        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
706          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
707        }
708        if (_numMap[_graph.source(edge)] <= _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
709          if (_predMap[_graph.source(edge)] != INVALID) {
710            if (!_cutMap[_graph.source(edge)]) {
711              _cutMap.set(_graph.source(edge), true);
712              ++_cutNum;
713            }
714          } else if (rootCut) {
715            if (!_cutMap[_graph.source(edge)]) {
716              _cutMap.set(_graph.source(edge), true);
717              ++_cutNum;
718            }
719          } else {
720            rootCut = true;
721          }
722        }
723      }
724
725    private:
726      const Digraph& _graph;
727      NodeMap& _cutMap;
728      int& _cutNum;
729
730      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _numMap;
731      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _retMap;
732      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Node> _predMap;
733      std::stack<Edge> _edgeStack;
734      int _num;
735      bool rootCut;
736    };
737
738  }
739
740  template <typename Graph>
741  int countBiNodeConnectedComponents(const Graph& graph);
742
743  /// \ingroup graph_properties
744  ///
745  /// \brief Check whether an undirected graph is bi-node-connected.
746  ///
747  /// This function checks whether the given undirected graph is
748  /// bi-node-connected, i.e. any two edges are on same circle.
749  ///
750  /// \return \c true if the graph bi-node-connected.
751  /// \note By definition, the empty graph is bi-node-connected.
752  ///
753  /// \see countBiNodeConnectedComponents(), biNodeConnectedComponents()
754  template <typename Graph>
755  bool biNodeConnected(const Graph& graph) {
756    return countBiNodeConnectedComponents(graph) <= 1;
757  }
758
759  /// \ingroup graph_properties
760  ///
761  /// \brief Count the number of bi-node-connected components of an
762  /// undirected graph.
763  ///
764  /// This function counts the number of bi-node-connected components of
765  /// the given undirected graph.
766  ///
767  /// The bi-node-connected components are the classes of an equivalence
768  /// relation on the edges of a undirected graph. Two edges are in the
769  /// same class if they are on same circle.
770  ///
771  /// \return The number of bi-node-connected components.
772  ///
773  /// \see biNodeConnected(), biNodeConnectedComponents()
774  template <typename Graph>
775  int countBiNodeConnectedComponents(const Graph& graph) {
776    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
777    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
778
779    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
780
781    typedef CountBiNodeConnectedComponentsVisitor<Graph> Visitor;
782
783    int compNum = 0;
784    Visitor visitor(graph, compNum);
785
786    DfsVisit<Graph, Visitor> dfs(graph, visitor);
787    dfs.init();
788
789    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
790      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
791        dfs.addSource(it);
792        dfs.start();
793      }
794    }
795    return compNum;
796  }
797
798  /// \ingroup graph_properties
799  ///
800  /// \brief Find the bi-node-connected components of an undirected graph.
801  ///
802  /// This function finds the bi-node-connected components of the given
803  /// undirected graph.
804  ///
805  /// The bi-node-connected components are the classes of an equivalence
806  /// relation on the edges of a undirected graph. Two edges are in the
807  /// same class if they are on same circle.
808  ///
809  /// \image html node_biconnected_components.png
810  /// \image latex node_biconnected_components.eps "bi-node-connected components" width=\textwidth
811  ///
812  /// \param graph The undirected graph.
813  /// \retval compMap A writable edge map. The values will be set from 0
814  /// to the number of the bi-node-connected components minus one. Each
815  /// value of the map will be set exactly once, and the values of a
816  /// certain component will be set continuously.
817  /// \return The number of bi-node-connected components.
818  ///
819  /// \see biNodeConnected(), countBiNodeConnectedComponents()
820  template <typename Graph, typename EdgeMap>
821  int biNodeConnectedComponents(const Graph& graph,
822                                EdgeMap& compMap) {
823    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
824    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
825    typedef typename Graph::Edge Edge;
826    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Edge, int>, EdgeMap>();
827
828    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
829
830    typedef BiNodeConnectedComponentsVisitor<Graph, EdgeMap> Visitor;
831
832    int compNum = 0;
833    Visitor visitor(graph, compMap, compNum);
834
835    DfsVisit<Graph, Visitor> dfs(graph, visitor);
836    dfs.init();
837
838    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
839      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
840        dfs.addSource(it);
841        dfs.start();
842      }
843    }
844    return compNum;
845  }
846
847  /// \ingroup graph_properties
848  ///
849  /// \brief Find the bi-node-connected cut nodes in an undirected graph.
850  ///
851  /// This function finds the bi-node-connected cut nodes in the given
852  /// undirected graph.
853  ///
854  /// The bi-node-connected components are the classes of an equivalence
855  /// relation on the edges of a undirected graph. Two edges are in the
856  /// same class if they are on same circle.
857  /// The bi-node-connected components are separted by the cut nodes of
858  /// the components.
859  ///
860  /// \param graph The undirected graph.
861  /// \retval cutMap A writable node map. The values will be set to
862  /// \c true for the nodes that separate two or more components
863  /// (exactly once for each cut node), and will not be changed for
864  /// other nodes.
865  /// \return The number of the cut nodes.
866  ///
867  /// \see biNodeConnected(), biNodeConnectedComponents()
868  template <typename Graph, typename NodeMap>
869  int biNodeConnectedCutNodes(const Graph& graph, NodeMap& cutMap) {
870    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
871    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
872    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
873    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Node, bool>, NodeMap>();
874
875    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
876
877    typedef BiNodeConnectedCutNodesVisitor<Graph, NodeMap> Visitor;
878
879    int cutNum = 0;
880    Visitor visitor(graph, cutMap, cutNum);
881
882    DfsVisit<Graph, Visitor> dfs(graph, visitor);
883    dfs.init();
884
885    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
886      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
887        dfs.addSource(it);
888        dfs.start();
889      }
890    }
891    return cutNum;
892  }
893
894  namespace _connectivity_bits {
895
896    template <typename Digraph>
897    class CountBiEdgeConnectedComponentsVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
898    public:
899      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
900      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
901      typedef typename Digraph::Edge Edge;
902
903      CountBiEdgeConnectedComponentsVisitor(const Digraph& graph, int &compNum)
904        : _graph(graph), _compNum(compNum),
905          _numMap(graph), _retMap(graph), _predMap(graph), _num(0) {}
906
907      void start(const Node& node) {
908        _predMap.set(node, INVALID);
909      }
910
911      void reach(const Node& node) {
912        _numMap.set(node, _num);
913        _retMap.set(node, _num);
914        ++_num;
915      }
916
917      void leave(const Node& node) {
918        if (_numMap[node] <= _retMap[node]) {
919          ++_compNum;
920        }
921      }
922
923      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
924        _predMap.set(_graph.target(edge), edge);
925      }
926
927      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
928        if (_predMap[_graph.source(edge)] == _graph.oppositeArc(edge)) {
929          return;
930        }
931        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
932          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
933        }
934      }
935
936      void backtrack(const Arc& edge) {
937        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
938          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
939        }
940      }
941
942    private:
943      const Digraph& _graph;
944      int& _compNum;
945
946      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _numMap;
947      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _retMap;
948      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Arc> _predMap;
949      int _num;
950    };
951
952    template <typename Digraph, typename NodeMap>
953    class BiEdgeConnectedComponentsVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
954    public:
955      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
956      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
957      typedef typename Digraph::Edge Edge;
958
959      BiEdgeConnectedComponentsVisitor(const Digraph& graph,
960                                       NodeMap& compMap, int &compNum)
961        : _graph(graph), _compMap(compMap), _compNum(compNum),
962          _numMap(graph), _retMap(graph), _predMap(graph), _num(0) {}
963
964      void start(const Node& node) {
965        _predMap.set(node, INVALID);
966      }
967
968      void reach(const Node& node) {
969        _numMap.set(node, _num);
970        _retMap.set(node, _num);
971        _nodeStack.push(node);
972        ++_num;
973      }
974
975      void leave(const Node& node) {
976        if (_numMap[node] <= _retMap[node]) {
977          while (_nodeStack.top() != node) {
978            _compMap.set(_nodeStack.top(), _compNum);
979            _nodeStack.pop();
980          }
981          _compMap.set(node, _compNum);
982          _nodeStack.pop();
983          ++_compNum;
984        }
985      }
986
987      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
988        _predMap.set(_graph.target(edge), edge);
989      }
990
991      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
992        if (_predMap[_graph.source(edge)] == _graph.oppositeArc(edge)) {
993          return;
994        }
995        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
996          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
997        }
998      }
999
1000      void backtrack(const Arc& edge) {
1001        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
1002          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
1003        }
1004      }
1005
1006    private:
1007      const Digraph& _graph;
1008      NodeMap& _compMap;
1009      int& _compNum;
1010
1011      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _numMap;
1012      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _retMap;
1013      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Arc> _predMap;
1014      std::stack<Node> _nodeStack;
1015      int _num;
1016    };
1017
1018
1019    template <typename Digraph, typename ArcMap>
1020    class BiEdgeConnectedCutEdgesVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
1021    public:
1022      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
1023      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
1024      typedef typename Digraph::Edge Edge;
1025
1026      BiEdgeConnectedCutEdgesVisitor(const Digraph& graph,
1027                                     ArcMap& cutMap, int &cutNum)
1028        : _graph(graph), _cutMap(cutMap), _cutNum(cutNum),
1029          _numMap(graph), _retMap(graph), _predMap(graph), _num(0) {}
1030
1031      void start(const Node& node) {
1032        _predMap[node] = INVALID;
1033      }
1034
1035      void reach(const Node& node) {
1036        _numMap.set(node, _num);
1037        _retMap.set(node, _num);
1038        ++_num;
1039      }
1040
1041      void leave(const Node& node) {
1042        if (_numMap[node] <= _retMap[node]) {
1043          if (_predMap[node] != INVALID) {
1044            _cutMap.set(_predMap[node], true);
1045            ++_cutNum;
1046          }
1047        }
1048      }
1049
1050      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
1051        _predMap.set(_graph.target(edge), edge);
1052      }
1053
1054      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
1055        if (_predMap[_graph.source(edge)] == _graph.oppositeArc(edge)) {
1056          return;
1057        }
1058        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
1059          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
1060        }
1061      }
1062
1063      void backtrack(const Arc& edge) {
1064        if (_retMap[_graph.source(edge)] > _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]) {
1065          _retMap.set(_graph.source(edge), _retMap[_graph.target(edge)]);
1066        }
1067      }
1068
1069    private:
1070      const Digraph& _graph;
1071      ArcMap& _cutMap;
1072      int& _cutNum;
1073
1074      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _numMap;
1075      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<int> _retMap;
1076      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Arc> _predMap;
1077      int _num;
1078    };
1079  }
1080
1081  template <typename Graph>
1082  int countBiEdgeConnectedComponents(const Graph& graph);
1083
1084  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1085  ///
1086  /// \brief Check whether an undirected graph is bi-edge-connected.
1087  ///
1088  /// This function checks whether the given undirected graph is
1089  /// bi-edge-connected, i.e. any two nodes are connected with at least
1090  /// two edge-disjoint paths.
1091  ///
1092  /// \return \c true if the graph is bi-edge-connected.
1093  /// \note By definition, the empty graph is bi-edge-connected.
1094  ///
1095  /// \see countBiEdgeConnectedComponents(), biEdgeConnectedComponents()
1096  template <typename Graph>
1097  bool biEdgeConnected(const Graph& graph) {
1098    return countBiEdgeConnectedComponents(graph) <= 1;
1099  }
1100
1101  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1102  ///
1103  /// \brief Count the number of bi-edge-connected components of an
1104  /// undirected graph.
1105  ///
1106  /// This function counts the number of bi-edge-connected components of
1107  /// the given undirected graph.
1108  ///
1109  /// The bi-edge-connected components are the classes of an equivalence
1110  /// relation on the nodes of an undirected graph. Two nodes are in the
1111  /// same class if they are connected with at least two edge-disjoint
1112  /// paths.
1113  ///
1114  /// \return The number of bi-edge-connected components.
1115  ///
1116  /// \see biEdgeConnected(), biEdgeConnectedComponents()
1117  template <typename Graph>
1118  int countBiEdgeConnectedComponents(const Graph& graph) {
1119    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
1120    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
1121
1122    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
1123
1124    typedef CountBiEdgeConnectedComponentsVisitor<Graph> Visitor;
1125
1126    int compNum = 0;
1127    Visitor visitor(graph, compNum);
1128
1129    DfsVisit<Graph, Visitor> dfs(graph, visitor);
1130    dfs.init();
1131
1132    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
1133      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
1134        dfs.addSource(it);
1135        dfs.start();
1136      }
1137    }
1138    return compNum;
1139  }
1140
1141  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1142  ///
1143  /// \brief Find the bi-edge-connected components of an undirected graph.
1144  ///
1145  /// This function finds the bi-edge-connected components of the given
1146  /// undirected graph.
1147  ///
1148  /// The bi-edge-connected components are the classes of an equivalence
1149  /// relation on the nodes of an undirected graph. Two nodes are in the
1150  /// same class if they are connected with at least two edge-disjoint
1151  /// paths.
1152  ///
1153  /// \image html edge_biconnected_components.png
1154  /// \image latex edge_biconnected_components.eps "bi-edge-connected components" width=\textwidth
1155  ///
1156  /// \param graph The undirected graph.
1157  /// \retval compMap A writable node map. The values will be set from 0 to
1158  /// the number of the bi-edge-connected components minus one. Each value
1159  /// of the map will be set exactly once, and the values of a certain
1160  /// component will be set continuously.
1161  /// \return The number of bi-edge-connected components.
1162  ///
1163  /// \see biEdgeConnected(), countBiEdgeConnectedComponents()
1164  template <typename Graph, typename NodeMap>
1165  int biEdgeConnectedComponents(const Graph& graph, NodeMap& compMap) {
1166    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
1167    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
1168    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
1169    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Node, int>, NodeMap>();
1170
1171    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
1172
1173    typedef BiEdgeConnectedComponentsVisitor<Graph, NodeMap> Visitor;
1174
1175    int compNum = 0;
1176    Visitor visitor(graph, compMap, compNum);
1177
1178    DfsVisit<Graph, Visitor> dfs(graph, visitor);
1179    dfs.init();
1180
1181    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
1182      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
1183        dfs.addSource(it);
1184        dfs.start();
1185      }
1186    }
1187    return compNum;
1188  }
1189
1190  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1191  ///
1192  /// \brief Find the bi-edge-connected cut edges in an undirected graph.
1193  ///
1194  /// This function finds the bi-edge-connected cut edges in the given
1195  /// undirected graph.
1196  ///
1197  /// The bi-edge-connected components are the classes of an equivalence
1198  /// relation on the nodes of an undirected graph. Two nodes are in the
1199  /// same class if they are connected with at least two edge-disjoint
1200  /// paths.
1201  /// The bi-edge-connected components are separted by the cut edges of
1202  /// the components.
1203  ///
1204  /// \param graph The undirected graph.
1205  /// \retval cutMap A writable edge map. The values will be set to \c true
1206  /// for the cut edges (exactly once for each cut edge), and will not be
1207  /// changed for other edges.
1208  /// \return The number of cut edges.
1209  ///
1210  /// \see biEdgeConnected(), biEdgeConnectedComponents()
1211  template <typename Graph, typename EdgeMap>
1212  int biEdgeConnectedCutEdges(const Graph& graph, EdgeMap& cutMap) {
1213    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
1214    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
1215    typedef typename Graph::Edge Edge;
1216    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<Edge, bool>, EdgeMap>();
1217
1218    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
1219
1220    typedef BiEdgeConnectedCutEdgesVisitor<Graph, EdgeMap> Visitor;
1221
1222    int cutNum = 0;
1223    Visitor visitor(graph, cutMap, cutNum);
1224
1225    DfsVisit<Graph, Visitor> dfs(graph, visitor);
1226    dfs.init();
1227
1228    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
1229      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
1230        dfs.addSource(it);
1231        dfs.start();
1232      }
1233    }
1234    return cutNum;
1235  }
1236
1237
1238  namespace _connectivity_bits {
1239
1240    template <typename Digraph, typename IntNodeMap>
1241    class TopologicalSortVisitor : public DfsVisitor<Digraph> {
1242    public:
1243      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
1244      typedef typename Digraph::Arc edge;
1245
1246      TopologicalSortVisitor(IntNodeMap& order, int num)
1247        : _order(order), _num(num) {}
1248
1249      void leave(const Node& node) {
1250        _order.set(node, --_num);
1251      }
1252
1253    private:
1254      IntNodeMap& _order;
1255      int _num;
1256    };
1257
1258  }
1259
1260  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1261  ///
1262  /// \brief Check whether a digraph is DAG.
1263  ///
1264  /// This function checks whether the given digraph is DAG, i.e.
1265  /// \e Directed \e Acyclic \e Graph.
1266  /// \return \c true if there is no directed cycle in the digraph.
1267  /// \see acyclic()
1268  template <typename Digraph>
1269  bool dag(const Digraph& digraph) {
1270
1271    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
1272
1273    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
1274    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
1275    typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
1276
1277    typedef typename Digraph::template NodeMap<bool> ProcessedMap;
1278
1279    typename Dfs<Digraph>::template SetProcessedMap<ProcessedMap>::
1280      Create dfs(digraph);
1281
1282    ProcessedMap processed(digraph);
1283    dfs.processedMap(processed);
1284
1285    dfs.init();
1286    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
1287      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
1288        dfs.addSource(it);
1289        while (!dfs.emptyQueue()) {
1290          Arc arc = dfs.nextArc();
1291          Node target = digraph.target(arc);
1292          if (dfs.reached(target) && !processed[target]) {
1293            return false;
1294          }
1295          dfs.processNextArc();
1296        }
1297      }
1298    }
1299    return true;
1300  }
1301
1302  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1303  ///
1304  /// \brief Sort the nodes of a DAG into topolgical order.
1305  ///
1306  /// This function sorts the nodes of the given acyclic digraph (DAG)
1307  /// into topolgical order.
1308  ///
1309  /// \param digraph The digraph, which must be DAG.
1310  /// \retval order A writable node map. The values will be set from 0 to
1311  /// the number of the nodes in the digraph minus one. Each value of the
1312  /// map will be set exactly once, and the values will be set descending
1313  /// order.
1314  ///
1315  /// \see dag(), checkedTopologicalSort()
1316  template <typename Digraph, typename NodeMap>
1317  void topologicalSort(const Digraph& digraph, NodeMap& order) {
1318    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
1319
1320    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
1321    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<typename Digraph::Node, int>, NodeMap>();
1322
1323    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
1324    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
1325    typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
1326
1327    TopologicalSortVisitor<Digraph, NodeMap>
1328      visitor(order, countNodes(digraph));
1329
1330    DfsVisit<Digraph, TopologicalSortVisitor<Digraph, NodeMap> >
1331      dfs(digraph, visitor);
1332
1333    dfs.init();
1334    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
1335      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
1336        dfs.addSource(it);
1337        dfs.start();
1338      }
1339    }
1340  }
1341
1342  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1343  ///
1344  /// \brief Sort the nodes of a DAG into topolgical order.
1345  ///
1346  /// This function sorts the nodes of the given acyclic digraph (DAG)
1347  /// into topolgical order and also checks whether the given digraph
1348  /// is DAG.
1349  ///
1350  /// \param digraph The digraph.
1351  /// \retval order A readable and writable node map. The values will be
1352  /// set from 0 to the number of the nodes in the digraph minus one.
1353  /// Each value of the map will be set exactly once, and the values will
1354  /// be set descending order.
1355  /// \return \c false if the digraph is not DAG.
1356  ///
1357  /// \see dag(), topologicalSort()
1358  template <typename Digraph, typename NodeMap>
1359  bool checkedTopologicalSort(const Digraph& digraph, NodeMap& order) {
1360    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
1361
1362    checkConcept<concepts::Digraph, Digraph>();
1363    checkConcept<concepts::ReadWriteMap<typename Digraph::Node, int>,
1364      NodeMap>();
1365
1366    typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
1367    typedef typename Digraph::NodeIt NodeIt;
1368    typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
1369
1370    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
1371      order.set(it, -1);
1372    }
1373
1374    TopologicalSortVisitor<Digraph, NodeMap>
1375      visitor(order, countNodes(digraph));
1376
1377    DfsVisit<Digraph, TopologicalSortVisitor<Digraph, NodeMap> >
1378      dfs(digraph, visitor);
1379
1380    dfs.init();
1381    for (NodeIt it(digraph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
1382      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
1383        dfs.addSource(it);
1384        while (!dfs.emptyQueue()) {
1385           Arc arc = dfs.nextArc();
1386           Node target = digraph.target(arc);
1387           if (dfs.reached(target) && order[target] == -1) {
1388             return false;
1389           }
1390           dfs.processNextArc();
1391         }
1392      }
1393    }
1394    return true;
1395  }
1396
1397  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1398  ///
1399  /// \brief Check whether an undirected graph is acyclic.
1400  ///
1401  /// This function checks whether the given undirected graph is acyclic.
1402  /// \return \c true if there is no cycle in the graph.
1403  /// \see dag()
1404  template <typename Graph>
1405  bool acyclic(const Graph& graph) {
1406    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
1407    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
1408    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
1409    typedef typename Graph::Arc Arc;
1410    Dfs<Graph> dfs(graph);
1411    dfs.init();
1412    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
1413      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
1414        dfs.addSource(it);
1415        while (!dfs.emptyQueue()) {
1416          Arc arc = dfs.nextArc();
1417          Node source = graph.source(arc);
1418          Node target = graph.target(arc);
1419          if (dfs.reached(target) &&
1420              dfs.predArc(source) != graph.oppositeArc(arc)) {
1421            return false;
1422          }
1423          dfs.processNextArc();
1424        }
1425      }
1426    }
1427    return true;
1428  }
1429
1430  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1431  ///
1432  /// \brief Check whether an undirected graph is tree.
1433  ///
1434  /// This function checks whether the given undirected graph is tree.
1435  /// \return \c true if the graph is acyclic and connected.
1436  /// \see acyclic(), connected()
1437  template <typename Graph>
1438  bool tree(const Graph& graph) {
1439    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
1440    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
1441    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
1442    typedef typename Graph::Arc Arc;
1443    if (NodeIt(graph) == INVALID) return true;
1444    Dfs<Graph> dfs(graph);
1445    dfs.init();
1446    dfs.addSource(NodeIt(graph));
1447    while (!dfs.emptyQueue()) {
1448      Arc arc = dfs.nextArc();
1449      Node source = graph.source(arc);
1450      Node target = graph.target(arc);
1451      if (dfs.reached(target) &&
1452          dfs.predArc(source) != graph.oppositeArc(arc)) {
1453        return false;
1454      }
1455      dfs.processNextArc();
1456    }
1457    for (NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
1458      if (!dfs.reached(it)) {
1459        return false;
1460      }
1461    }
1462    return true;
1463  }
1464
1465  namespace _connectivity_bits {
1466
1467    template <typename Digraph>
1468    class BipartiteVisitor : public BfsVisitor<Digraph> {
1469    public:
1470      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
1471      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
1472
1473      BipartiteVisitor(const Digraph& graph, bool& bipartite)
1474        : _graph(graph), _part(graph), _bipartite(bipartite) {}
1475
1476      void start(const Node& node) {
1477        _part[node] = true;
1478      }
1479      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
1480        _part.set(_graph.target(edge), !_part[_graph.source(edge)]);
1481      }
1482      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
1483        _bipartite = _bipartite &&
1484          _part[_graph.target(edge)] != _part[_graph.source(edge)];
1485      }
1486
1487    private:
1488
1489      const Digraph& _graph;
1490      typename Digraph::template NodeMap<bool> _part;
1491      bool& _bipartite;
1492    };
1493
1494    template <typename Digraph, typename PartMap>
1495    class BipartitePartitionsVisitor : public BfsVisitor<Digraph> {
1496    public:
1497      typedef typename Digraph::Arc Arc;
1498      typedef typename Digraph::Node Node;
1499
1500      BipartitePartitionsVisitor(const Digraph& graph,
1501                                 PartMap& part, bool& bipartite)
1502        : _graph(graph), _part(part), _bipartite(bipartite) {}
1503
1504      void start(const Node& node) {
1505        _part.set(node, true);
1506      }
1507      void discover(const Arc& edge) {
1508        _part.set(_graph.target(edge), !_part[_graph.source(edge)]);
1509      }
1510      void examine(const Arc& edge) {
1511        _bipartite = _bipartite &&
1512          _part[_graph.target(edge)] != _part[_graph.source(edge)];
1513      }
1514
1515    private:
1516
1517      const Digraph& _graph;
1518      PartMap& _part;
1519      bool& _bipartite;
1520    };
1521  }
1522
1523  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1524  ///
1525  /// \brief Check whether an undirected graph is bipartite.
1526  ///
1527  /// The function checks whether the given undirected graph is bipartite.
1528  /// \return \c true if the graph is bipartite.
1529  ///
1530  /// \see bipartitePartitions()
1531  template<typename Graph>
1532  bool bipartite(const Graph &graph){
1533    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
1534
1535    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
1536
1537    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
1538    typedef typename Graph::ArcIt ArcIt;
1539
1540    bool bipartite = true;
1541
1542    BipartiteVisitor<Graph>
1543      visitor(graph, bipartite);
1544    BfsVisit<Graph, BipartiteVisitor<Graph> >
1545      bfs(graph, visitor);
1546    bfs.init();
1547    for(NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
1548      if(!bfs.reached(it)){
1549        bfs.addSource(it);
1550        while (!bfs.emptyQueue()) {
1551          bfs.processNextNode();
1552          if (!bipartite) return false;
1553        }
1554      }
1555    }
1556    return true;
1557  }
1558
1559  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1560  ///
1561  /// \brief Find the bipartite partitions of an undirected graph.
1562  ///
1563  /// This function checks whether the given undirected graph is bipartite
1564  /// and gives back the bipartite partitions.
1565  ///
1566  /// \image html bipartite_partitions.png
1567  /// \image latex bipartite_partitions.eps "Bipartite partititions" width=\textwidth
1568  ///
1569  /// \param graph The undirected graph.
1570  /// \retval partMap A writable node map of \c bool (or convertible) value
1571  /// type. The values will be set to \c true for one component and
1572  /// \c false for the other one.
1573  /// \return \c true if the graph is bipartite, \c false otherwise.
1574  ///
1575  /// \see bipartite()
1576  template<typename Graph, typename NodeMap>
1577  bool bipartitePartitions(const Graph &graph, NodeMap &partMap){
1578    using namespace _connectivity_bits;
1579
1580    checkConcept<concepts::Graph, Graph>();
1581    checkConcept<concepts::WriteMap<typename Graph::Node, bool>, NodeMap>();
1582
1583    typedef typename Graph::Node Node;
1584    typedef typename Graph::NodeIt NodeIt;
1585    typedef typename Graph::ArcIt ArcIt;
1586
1587    bool bipartite = true;
1588
1589    BipartitePartitionsVisitor<Graph, NodeMap>
1590      visitor(graph, partMap, bipartite);
1591    BfsVisit<Graph, BipartitePartitionsVisitor<Graph, NodeMap> >
1592      bfs(graph, visitor);
1593    bfs.init();
1594    for(NodeIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
1595      if(!bfs.reached(it)){
1596        bfs.addSource(it);
1597        while (!bfs.emptyQueue()) {
1598          bfs.processNextNode();
1599          if (!bipartite) return false;
1600        }
1601      }
1602    }
1603    return true;
1604  }
1605
1606  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1607  ///
1608  /// \brief Check whether the given graph contains no loop arcs/edges.
1609  ///
1610  /// This function returns \c true if there are no loop arcs/edges in
1611  /// the given graph. It works for both directed and undirected graphs.
1612  template <typename Graph>
1613  bool loopFree(const Graph& graph) {
1614    for (typename Graph::ArcIt it(graph); it != INVALID; ++it) {
1615      if (graph.source(it) == graph.target(it)) return false;
1616    }
1617    return true;
1618  }
1619
1620  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1621  ///
1622  /// \brief Check whether the given graph contains no parallel arcs/edges.
1623  ///
1624  /// This function returns \c true if there are no parallel arcs/edges in
1625  /// the given graph. It works for both directed and undirected graphs.
1626  template <typename Graph>
1627  bool parallelFree(const Graph& graph) {
1628    typename Graph::template NodeMap<int> reached(graph, 0);
1629    int cnt = 1;
1630    for (typename Graph::NodeIt n(graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
1631      for (typename Graph::OutArcIt a(graph, n); a != INVALID; ++a) {
1632        if (reached[graph.target(a)] == cnt) return false;
1633        reached[graph.target(a)] = cnt;
1634      }
1635      ++cnt;
1636    }
1637    return true;
1638  }
1639
1640  /// \ingroup graph_properties
1641  ///
1642  /// \brief Check whether the given graph is simple.
1643  ///
1644  /// This function returns \c true if the given graph is simple, i.e.
1645  /// it contains no loop arcs/edges and no parallel arcs/edges.
1646  /// The function works for both directed and undirected graphs.
1647  /// \see loopFree(), parallelFree()
1648  template <typename Graph>
1649  bool simpleGraph(const Graph& graph) {
1650    typename Graph::template NodeMap<int> reached(graph, 0);
1651    int cnt = 1;
1652    for (typename Graph::NodeIt n(graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {
1653      reached[n] = cnt;
1654      for (typename Graph::OutArcIt a(graph, n); a != INVALID; ++a) {
1655        if (reached[graph.target(a)] == cnt) return false;
1656        reached[graph.target(a)] = cnt;
1657      }
1658      ++cnt;
1659    }
1660    return true;
1661  }
1662
1663} //namespace lemon
1664
1665#endif //LEMON_CONNECTIVITY_H
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