COIN-OR::LEMON - Graph Library

source: lemon/lemon/fib_heap.h @ 1064:40bbb450143e

Last change on this file since 1064:40bbb450143e was 730:9f529abcaebf, checked in by Balazs Dezso <deba@…>, 16 years ago

Unification of names in heaps (#50)

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1/* -*- mode: C++; indent-tabs-mode: nil; -*-
2 *
3 * This file is a part of LEMON, a generic C++ optimization library.
4 *
5 * Copyright (C) 2003-2009
6 * Egervary Jeno Kombinatorikus Optimalizalasi Kutatocsoport
7 * (Egervary Research Group on Combinatorial Optimization, EGRES).
8 *
9 * Permission to use, modify and distribute this software is granted
10 * provided that this copyright notice appears in all copies. For
11 * precise terms see the accompanying LICENSE file.
12 *
13 * This software is provided "AS IS" with no warranty of any kind,
14 * express or implied, and with no claim as to its suitability for any
15 * purpose.
16 *
17 */
18
19#ifndef LEMON_FIB_HEAP_H
20#define LEMON_FIB_HEAP_H
21
22///\file
23///\ingroup auxdat
24///\brief Fibonacci Heap implementation.
25
26#include <vector>
27#include <functional>
28#include <lemon/math.h>
29
30namespace lemon {
31
32  /// \ingroup auxdat
33  ///
34  ///\brief Fibonacci Heap.
35  ///
36  ///This class implements the \e Fibonacci \e heap data structure. A \e heap
37  ///is a data structure for storing items with specified values called \e
38  ///priorities in such a way that finding the item with minimum priority is
39  ///efficient. \c CMP specifies the ordering of the priorities. In a heap
40  ///one can change the priority of an item, add or erase an item, etc.
41  ///
42  ///The methods \ref increase and \ref erase are not efficient in a Fibonacci
43  ///heap. In case of many calls to these operations, it is better to use a
44  ///\ref BinHeap "binary heap".
45  ///
46  ///\param PRIO Type of the priority of the items.
47  ///\param IM A read and writable Item int map, used internally
48  ///to handle the cross references.
49  ///\param CMP A class for the ordering of the priorities. The
50  ///default is \c std::less<PRIO>.
51  ///
52  ///\sa BinHeap
53  ///\sa Dijkstra
54#ifdef DOXYGEN
55  template <typename PRIO, typename IM, typename CMP>
56#else
57  template <typename PRIO, typename IM, typename CMP = std::less<PRIO> >
58#endif
59  class FibHeap {
60  public:
61    ///\e
62    typedef IM ItemIntMap;
63    ///\e
64    typedef PRIO Prio;
65    ///\e
66    typedef typename ItemIntMap::Key Item;
67    ///\e
68    typedef std::pair<Item,Prio> Pair;
69    ///\e
70    typedef CMP Compare;
71
72  private:
73    class Store;
74
75    std::vector<Store> _data;
76    int _minimum;
77    ItemIntMap &_iim;
78    Compare _comp;
79    int _num;
80
81  public:
82
83    /// \brief Type to represent the items states.
84    ///
85    /// Each Item element have a state associated to it. It may be "in heap",
86    /// "pre heap" or "post heap". The latter two are indifferent from the
87    /// heap's point of view, but may be useful to the user.
88    ///
89    /// The item-int map must be initialized in such way that it assigns
90    /// \c PRE_HEAP (<tt>-1</tt>) to any element to be put in the heap.
91    enum State {
92      IN_HEAP = 0,    ///< = 0.
93      PRE_HEAP = -1,  ///< = -1.
94      POST_HEAP = -2  ///< = -2.
95    };
96
97    /// \brief The constructor
98    ///
99    /// \c map should be given to the constructor, since it is
100    ///   used internally to handle the cross references.
101    explicit FibHeap(ItemIntMap &map)
102      : _minimum(0), _iim(map), _num() {}
103
104    /// \brief The constructor
105    ///
106    /// \c map should be given to the constructor, since it is used
107    /// internally to handle the cross references. \c comp is an
108    /// object for ordering of the priorities.
109    FibHeap(ItemIntMap &map, const Compare &comp)
110      : _minimum(0), _iim(map), _comp(comp), _num() {}
111
112    /// \brief The number of items stored in the heap.
113    ///
114    /// Returns the number of items stored in the heap.
115    int size() const { return _num; }
116
117    /// \brief Checks if the heap stores no items.
118    ///
119    ///   Returns \c true if and only if the heap stores no items.
120    bool empty() const { return _num==0; }
121
122    /// \brief Make empty this heap.
123    ///
124    /// Make empty this heap. It does not change the cross reference
125    /// map.  If you want to reuse a heap what is not surely empty you
126    /// should first clear the heap and after that you should set the
127    /// cross reference map for each item to \c PRE_HEAP.
128    void clear() {
129      _data.clear(); _minimum = 0; _num = 0;
130    }
131
132    /// \brief \c item gets to the heap with priority \c value independently
133    /// if \c item was already there.
134    ///
135    /// This method calls \ref push(\c item, \c value) if \c item is not
136    /// stored in the heap and it calls \ref decrease(\c item, \c value) or
137    /// \ref increase(\c item, \c value) otherwise.
138    void set (const Item& item, const Prio& value) {
139      int i=_iim[item];
140      if ( i >= 0 && _data[i].in ) {
141        if ( _comp(value, _data[i].prio) ) decrease(item, value);
142        if ( _comp(_data[i].prio, value) ) increase(item, value);
143      } else push(item, value);
144    }
145
146    /// \brief Adds \c item to the heap with priority \c value.
147    ///
148    /// Adds \c item to the heap with priority \c value.
149    /// \pre \c item must not be stored in the heap.
150    void push (const Item& item, const Prio& value) {
151      int i=_iim[item];
152      if ( i < 0 ) {
153        int s=_data.size();
154        _iim.set( item, s );
155        Store st;
156        st.name=item;
157        _data.push_back(st);
158        i=s;
159      } else {
160        _data[i].parent=_data[i].child=-1;
161        _data[i].degree=0;
162        _data[i].in=true;
163        _data[i].marked=false;
164      }
165
166      if ( _num ) {
167        _data[_data[_minimum].right_neighbor].left_neighbor=i;
168        _data[i].right_neighbor=_data[_minimum].right_neighbor;
169        _data[_minimum].right_neighbor=i;
170        _data[i].left_neighbor=_minimum;
171        if ( _comp( value, _data[_minimum].prio) ) _minimum=i;
172      } else {
173        _data[i].right_neighbor=_data[i].left_neighbor=i;
174        _minimum=i;
175      }
176      _data[i].prio=value;
177      ++_num;
178    }
179
180    /// \brief Returns the item with minimum priority relative to \c Compare.
181    ///
182    /// This method returns the item with minimum priority relative to \c
183    /// Compare.
184    /// \pre The heap must be nonempty.
185    Item top() const { return _data[_minimum].name; }
186
187    /// \brief Returns the minimum priority relative to \c Compare.
188    ///
189    /// It returns the minimum priority relative to \c Compare.
190    /// \pre The heap must be nonempty.
191    const Prio& prio() const { return _data[_minimum].prio; }
192
193    /// \brief Returns the priority of \c item.
194    ///
195    /// It returns the priority of \c item.
196    /// \pre \c item must be in the heap.
197    const Prio& operator[](const Item& item) const {
198      return _data[_iim[item]].prio;
199    }
200
201    /// \brief Deletes the item with minimum priority relative to \c Compare.
202    ///
203    /// This method deletes the item with minimum priority relative to \c
204    /// Compare from the heap.
205    /// \pre The heap must be non-empty.
206    void pop() {
207      /*The first case is that there are only one root.*/
208      if ( _data[_minimum].left_neighbor==_minimum ) {
209        _data[_minimum].in=false;
210        if ( _data[_minimum].degree!=0 ) {
211          makeroot(_data[_minimum].child);
212          _minimum=_data[_minimum].child;
213          balance();
214        }
215      } else {
216        int right=_data[_minimum].right_neighbor;
217        unlace(_minimum);
218        _data[_minimum].in=false;
219        if ( _data[_minimum].degree > 0 ) {
220          int left=_data[_minimum].left_neighbor;
221          int child=_data[_minimum].child;
222          int last_child=_data[child].left_neighbor;
223
224          makeroot(child);
225
226          _data[left].right_neighbor=child;
227          _data[child].left_neighbor=left;
228          _data[right].left_neighbor=last_child;
229          _data[last_child].right_neighbor=right;
230        }
231        _minimum=right;
232        balance();
233      } // the case where there are more roots
234      --_num;
235    }
236
237    /// \brief Deletes \c item from the heap.
238    ///
239    /// This method deletes \c item from the heap, if \c item was already
240    /// stored in the heap. It is quite inefficient in Fibonacci heaps.
241    void erase (const Item& item) {
242      int i=_iim[item];
243
244      if ( i >= 0 && _data[i].in ) {
245        if ( _data[i].parent!=-1 ) {
246          int p=_data[i].parent;
247          cut(i,p);
248          cascade(p);
249        }
250        _minimum=i;     //As if its prio would be -infinity
251        pop();
252      }
253    }
254
255    /// \brief Decreases the priority of \c item to \c value.
256    ///
257    /// This method decreases the priority of \c item to \c value.
258    /// \pre \c item must be stored in the heap with priority at least \c
259    ///   value relative to \c Compare.
260    void decrease (Item item, const Prio& value) {
261      int i=_iim[item];
262      _data[i].prio=value;
263      int p=_data[i].parent;
264
265      if ( p!=-1 && _comp(value, _data[p].prio) ) {
266        cut(i,p);
267        cascade(p);
268      }
269      if ( _comp(value, _data[_minimum].prio) ) _minimum=i;
270    }
271
272    /// \brief Increases the priority of \c item to \c value.
273    ///
274    /// This method sets the priority of \c item to \c value. Though
275    /// there is no precondition on the priority of \c item, this
276    /// method should be used only if it is indeed necessary to increase
277    /// (relative to \c Compare) the priority of \c item, because this
278    /// method is inefficient.
279    void increase (Item item, const Prio& value) {
280      erase(item);
281      push(item, value);
282    }
283
284
285    /// \brief Returns if \c item is in, has already been in, or has never
286    /// been in the heap.
287    ///
288    /// This method returns PRE_HEAP if \c item has never been in the
289    /// heap, IN_HEAP if it is in the heap at the moment, and POST_HEAP
290    /// otherwise. In the latter case it is possible that \c item will
291    /// get back to the heap again.
292    State state(const Item &item) const {
293      int i=_iim[item];
294      if( i>=0 ) {
295        if ( _data[i].in ) i=0;
296        else i=-2;
297      }
298      return State(i);
299    }
300
301    /// \brief Sets the state of the \c item in the heap.
302    ///
303    /// Sets the state of the \c item in the heap. It can be used to
304    /// manually clear the heap when it is important to achive the
305    /// better time _complexity.
306    /// \param i The item.
307    /// \param st The state. It should not be \c IN_HEAP.
308    void state(const Item& i, State st) {
309      switch (st) {
310      case POST_HEAP:
311      case PRE_HEAP:
312        if (state(i) == IN_HEAP) {
313          erase(i);
314        }
315        _iim[i] = st;
316        break;
317      case IN_HEAP:
318        break;
319      }
320    }
321
322  private:
323
324    void balance() {
325
326      int maxdeg=int( std::floor( 2.08*log(double(_data.size()))))+1;
327
328      std::vector<int> A(maxdeg,-1);
329
330      /*
331       *Recall that now minimum does not point to the minimum prio element.
332       *We set minimum to this during balance().
333       */
334      int anchor=_data[_minimum].left_neighbor;
335      int next=_minimum;
336      bool end=false;
337
338      do {
339        int active=next;
340        if ( anchor==active ) end=true;
341        int d=_data[active].degree;
342        next=_data[active].right_neighbor;
343
344        while (A[d]!=-1) {
345          if( _comp(_data[active].prio, _data[A[d]].prio) ) {
346            fuse(active,A[d]);
347          } else {
348            fuse(A[d],active);
349            active=A[d];
350          }
351          A[d]=-1;
352          ++d;
353        }
354        A[d]=active;
355      } while ( !end );
356
357
358      while ( _data[_minimum].parent >=0 )
359        _minimum=_data[_minimum].parent;
360      int s=_minimum;
361      int m=_minimum;
362      do {
363        if ( _comp(_data[s].prio, _data[_minimum].prio) ) _minimum=s;
364        s=_data[s].right_neighbor;
365      } while ( s != m );
366    }
367
368    void makeroot(int c) {
369      int s=c;
370      do {
371        _data[s].parent=-1;
372        s=_data[s].right_neighbor;
373      } while ( s != c );
374    }
375
376    void cut(int a, int b) {
377      /*
378       *Replacing a from the children of b.
379       */
380      --_data[b].degree;
381
382      if ( _data[b].degree !=0 ) {
383        int child=_data[b].child;
384        if ( child==a )
385          _data[b].child=_data[child].right_neighbor;
386        unlace(a);
387      }
388
389
390      /*Lacing a to the roots.*/
391      int right=_data[_minimum].right_neighbor;
392      _data[_minimum].right_neighbor=a;
393      _data[a].left_neighbor=_minimum;
394      _data[a].right_neighbor=right;
395      _data[right].left_neighbor=a;
396
397      _data[a].parent=-1;
398      _data[a].marked=false;
399    }
400
401    void cascade(int a) {
402      if ( _data[a].parent!=-1 ) {
403        int p=_data[a].parent;
404
405        if ( _data[a].marked==false ) _data[a].marked=true;
406        else {
407          cut(a,p);
408          cascade(p);
409        }
410      }
411    }
412
413    void fuse(int a, int b) {
414      unlace(b);
415
416      /*Lacing b under a.*/
417      _data[b].parent=a;
418
419      if (_data[a].degree==0) {
420        _data[b].left_neighbor=b;
421        _data[b].right_neighbor=b;
422        _data[a].child=b;
423      } else {
424        int child=_data[a].child;
425        int last_child=_data[child].left_neighbor;
426        _data[child].left_neighbor=b;
427        _data[b].right_neighbor=child;
428        _data[last_child].right_neighbor=b;
429        _data[b].left_neighbor=last_child;
430      }
431
432      ++_data[a].degree;
433
434      _data[b].marked=false;
435    }
436
437    /*
438     *It is invoked only if a has siblings.
439     */
440    void unlace(int a) {
441      int leftn=_data[a].left_neighbor;
442      int rightn=_data[a].right_neighbor;
443      _data[leftn].right_neighbor=rightn;
444      _data[rightn].left_neighbor=leftn;
445    }
446
447
448    class Store {
449      friend class FibHeap;
450
451      Item name;
452      int parent;
453      int left_neighbor;
454      int right_neighbor;
455      int child;
456      int degree;
457      bool marked;
458      bool in;
459      Prio prio;
460
461      Store() : parent(-1), child(-1), degree(), marked(false), in(true) {}
462    };
463  };
464
465} //namespace lemon
466
467#endif //LEMON_FIB_HEAP_H
468
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