/* -*- C++ -*-

 *

 * This file is a part of LEMON, a generic C++ optimization library

 *

 * Copyright (C) 2003-2008

 * Egervary Jeno Kombinatorikus Optimalizalasi Kutatocsoport

 * (Egervary Research Group on Combinatorial Optimization, EGRES).

 *

 * Permission to use, modify and distribute this software is granted

 * provided that this copyright notice appears in all copies. For

 * precise terms see the accompanying LICENSE file.

 *

 * This software is provided "AS IS" with no warranty of any kind,

 * express or implied, and with no claim as to its suitability for any

 * purpose.

 *

 */

#ifndef LEMON_COST_SCALING_H

#define LEMON_COST_SCALING_H

/// \ingroup min_cost_flow_algs

/// \file

/// \brief Cost scaling algorithm for finding a minimum cost flow.

#include <vector>

#include <deque>

#include <limits>

#include <lemon/core.h>

#include <lemon/maps.h>

#include <lemon/math.h>

#include <lemon/static_graph.h>

#include <lemon/circulation.h>

#include <lemon/bellman_ford.h>

namespace lemon {

  /// \brief Default traits class of CostScaling algorithm.

  ///

  /// Default traits class of CostScaling algorithm.

  /// \tparam GR Digraph type.

  /// \tparam V The value type used for flow amounts, capacity bounds

  /// and supply values. By default it is \c int.

  /// \tparam C The value type used for costs and potentials.

  /// By default it is the same as \c V.

#ifdef DOXYGEN

  template <typename GR, typename V = int, typename C = V>

#else

  template < typename GR, typename V = int, typename C = V,

             bool integer = std::numeric_limits<C>::is_integer >

#endif

  struct CostScalingDefaultTraits

  {

    /// The type of the digraph

    typedef GR Digraph;

    /// The type of the flow amounts, capacity bounds and supply values

    typedef V Value;

    /// The type of the arc costs

    typedef C Cost;

    /// \brief The large cost type used for internal computations

    ///

    /// The large cost type used for internal computations.

    /// It is \c long \c long if the \c Cost type is integer,

    /// otherwise it is \c double.

    /// \c Cost must be convertible to \c LargeCost.

    typedef double LargeCost;

  };

  // Default traits class for integer cost types

  template <typename GR, typename V, typename C>

  struct CostScalingDefaultTraits<GR, V, C, true>

  {

    typedef GR Digraph;

    typedef V Value;

    typedef C Cost;

#ifdef LEMON_HAVE_LONG_LONG

    typedef long long LargeCost;

#else

    typedef long LargeCost;

#endif

  };

  /// \addtogroup min_cost_flow_algs

  /// @{

  /// \brief Implementation of the Cost Scaling algorithm for

  /// finding a \ref min_cost_flow "minimum cost flow".

  ///

  /// \ref CostScaling implements a cost scaling algorithm that performs

  /// push/augment and relabel operations for finding a minimum cost

  /// flow. It is an efficient primal-dual solution method, which

  /// can be viewed as the generalization of the \ref Preflow

  /// "preflow push-relabel" algorithm for the maximum flow problem.

  ///

  /// Most of the parameters of the problem (except for the digraph)

  /// can be given using separate functions, and the algorithm can be

  /// executed using the \ref run() function. If some parameters are not

  /// specified, then default values will be used.

  ///

  /// \tparam GR The digraph type the algorithm runs on.

  /// \tparam V The value type used for flow amounts, capacity bounds

  /// and supply values in the algorithm. By default it is \c int.

  /// \tparam C The value type used for costs and potentials in the

  /// algorithm. By default it is the same as \c V.

  ///

  /// \warning Both value types must be signed and all input data must

  /// be integer.

  /// \warning This algorithm does not support negative costs for such

  /// arcs that have infinite upper bound.

  ///

  /// \note %CostScaling provides three different internal methods,

  /// from which the most efficient one is used by default.

  /// For more information, see \ref Method.

#ifdef DOXYGEN

  template <typename GR, typename V, typename C, typename TR>

#else

  template < typename GR, typename V = int, typename C = V,

             typename TR = CostScalingDefaultTraits<GR, V, C> >

#endif

  class CostScaling

  {

  public:

    /// The type of the digraph

    typedef typename TR::Digraph Digraph;

    /// The type of the flow amounts, capacity bounds and supply values

    typedef typename TR::Value Value;

    /// The type of the arc costs

    typedef typename TR::Cost Cost;

    /// \brief The large cost type

    ///

    /// The large cost type used for internal computations.

    /// Using the \ref CostScalingDefaultTraits "default traits class",

    /// it is \c long \c long if the \c Cost type is integer,

    /// otherwise it is \c double.

    typedef typename TR::LargeCost LargeCost;

    /// The \ref CostScalingDefaultTraits "traits class" of the algorithm

    typedef TR Traits;

  public:

    /// \brief Problem type constants for the \c run() function.

    ///

    /// Enum type containing the problem type constants that can be

    /// returned by the \ref run() function of the algorithm.

    enum ProblemType {

      /// The problem has no feasible solution (flow).

      INFEASIBLE,

      /// The problem has optimal solution (i.e. it is feasible and

      /// bounded), and the algorithm has found optimal flow and node

      /// potentials (primal and dual solutions).

      OPTIMAL,

      /// The digraph contains an arc of negative cost and infinite

      /// upper bound. It means that the objective function is unbounded

      /// on that arc, however note that it could actually be bounded

      /// over the feasible flows, but this algroithm cannot handle

      /// these cases.

      UNBOUNDED

    };

    /// \brief Constants for selecting the internal method.

    ///

    /// Enum type containing constants for selecting the internal method

    /// for the \ref run() function.

    ///

    /// \ref CostScaling provides three internal methods that differ mainly

    /// in their base operations, which are used in conjunction with the

    /// relabel operation.

    /// By default, the so called \ref PARTIAL_AUGMENT

    /// "Partial Augment-Relabel" method is used, which proved to be

    /// the most efficient and the most robust on various test inputs.

    /// However, the other methods can be selected using the \ref run()

    /// function with the proper parameter.

    enum Method {

      /// Local push operations are used, i.e. flow is moved only on one

      /// admissible arc at once.

      PUSH,

      /// Augment operations are used, i.e. flow is moved on admissible

      /// paths from a node with excess to a node with deficit.

      AUGMENT,

      /// Partial augment operations are used, i.e. flow is moved on 

      /// admissible paths started from a node with excess, but the

      /// lengths of these paths are limited. This method can be viewed

      /// as a combined version of the previous two operations.

      PARTIAL_AUGMENT

    };

  private:

    TEMPLATE_DIGRAPH_TYPEDEFS(GR);

    typedef std::vector<int> IntVector;

    typedef std::vector<char> BoolVector;

    typedef std::vector<Value> ValueVector;

    typedef std::vector<Cost> CostVector;

    typedef std::vector<LargeCost> LargeCostVector;

  private:

    template <typename KT, typename VT>

    class VectorMap {

    public:

      typedef KT Key;

      typedef VT Value;

      VectorMap(std::vector<Value>& v) : _v(v) {}

      const Value& operator[](const Key& key) const {

        return _v[StaticDigraph::id(key)];

      }

      Value& operator[](const Key& key) {

        return _v[StaticDigraph::id(key)];

      }

      void set(const Key& key, const Value& val) {

        _v[StaticDigraph::id(key)] = val;

      }

    private:

      std::vector<Value>& _v;

    };

    typedef VectorMap<StaticDigraph::Node, LargeCost> LargeCostNodeMap;

    typedef VectorMap<StaticDigraph::Arc, LargeCost> LargeCostArcMap;

  private:

    // Data related to the underlying digraph

    const GR &_graph;

    int _node_num;

    int _arc_num;

    int _res_node_num;

    int _res_arc_num;

    int _root;

    // Parameters of the problem

    bool _have_lower;

    Value _sum_supply;

    // Data structures for storing the digraph

    IntNodeMap _node_id;

    IntArcMap _arc_idf;

    IntArcMap _arc_idb;

    IntVector _first_out;

    BoolVector _forward;

    IntVector _source;

    IntVector _target;

    IntVector _reverse;

    // Node and arc data

    ValueVector _lower;

    ValueVector _upper;

    CostVector _scost;

    ValueVector _supply;

    ValueVector _res_cap;

    LargeCostVector _cost;

    LargeCostVector _pi;

    ValueVector _excess;

    IntVector _next_out;

    std::deque<int> _active_nodes;

    // Data for scaling

    LargeCost _epsilon;

    int _alpha;

    // Data for a StaticDigraph structure

    typedef std::pair<int, int> IntPair;

    StaticDigraph _sgr;

    std::vector<IntPair> _arc_vec;

    std::vector<LargeCost> _cost_vec;

    LargeCostArcMap _cost_map;

    LargeCostNodeMap _pi_map;

  public:

    /// \brief Constant for infinite upper bounds (capacities).

    ///

    /// Constant for infinite upper bounds (capacities).

    /// It is \c std::numeric_limits<Value>::infinity() if available,

    /// \c std::numeric_limits<Value>::max() otherwise.

    const Value INF;

  public:

    /// \name Named Template Parameters

    /// @{

    template <typename T>

    struct SetLargeCostTraits : public Traits {

      typedef T LargeCost;

    };

    /// \brief \ref named-templ-param "Named parameter" for setting

    /// \c LargeCost type.

    ///

    /// \ref named-templ-param "Named parameter" for setting \c LargeCost

    /// type, which is used for internal computations in the algorithm.

    /// \c Cost must be convertible to \c LargeCost.

    template <typename T>

    struct SetLargeCost

      : public CostScaling<GR, V, C, SetLargeCostTraits<T> > {

      typedef  CostScaling<GR, V, C, SetLargeCostTraits<T> > Create;

    };

    /// @}

  public:

    /// \brief Constructor.

    ///

    /// The constructor of the class.

    ///

    /// \param graph The digraph the algorithm runs on.

    CostScaling(const GR& graph) :

      _graph(graph), _node_id(graph), _arc_idf(graph), _arc_idb(graph),

      _cost_map(_cost_vec), _pi_map(_pi),

      INF(std::numeric_limits<Value>::has_infinity ?

          std::numeric_limits<Value>::infinity() :

          std::numeric_limits<Value>::max())

    {

      // Check the value types

      LEMON_ASSERT(std::numeric_limits<Value>::is_signed,

        "The flow type of CostScaling must be signed");

      LEMON_ASSERT(std::numeric_limits<Cost>::is_signed,

        "The cost type of CostScaling must be signed");

      // Resize vectors

      _node_num = countNodes(_graph);

      _arc_num = countArcs(_graph);

      _res_node_num = _node_num + 1;

      _res_arc_num = 2 * (_arc_num + _node_num);

      _root = _node_num;

      _first_out.resize(_res_node_num + 1);

      _forward.resize(_res_arc_num);

      _source.resize(_res_arc_num);

      _target.resize(_res_arc_num);

      _reverse.resize(_res_arc_num);

      _lower.resize(_res_arc_num);

      _upper.resize(_res_arc_num);

      _scost.resize(_res_arc_num);

      _supply.resize(_res_node_num);

      _res_cap.resize(_res_arc_num);

      _cost.resize(_res_arc_num);

      _pi.resize(_res_node_num);

      _excess.resize(_res_node_num);

      _next_out.resize(_res_node_num);

      _arc_vec.reserve(_res_arc_num);

      _cost_vec.reserve(_res_arc_num);

      // Copy the graph

      int i = 0, j = 0, k = 2 * _arc_num + _node_num;

      for (NodeIt n(_graph); n != INVALID; ++n, ++i) {

        _node_id[n] = i;

      }

      i = 0;

      for (NodeIt n(_graph); n != INVALID; ++n, ++i) {

        _first_out[i] = j;

        for (OutArcIt a(_graph, n); a != INVALID; ++a, ++j) {

          _arc_idf[a] = j;

          _forward[j] = true;

          _source[j] = i;

          _target[j] = _node_id[_graph.runningNode(a)];

        }

        for (InArcIt a(_graph, n); a != INVALID; ++a, ++j) {

          _arc_idb[a] = j;

          _forward[j] = false;

          _source[j] = i;

          _target[j] = _node_id[_graph.runningNode(a)];

        }

        _forward[j] = false;

        _source[j] = i;

        _target[j] = _root;

        _reverse[j] = k;

        _forward[k] = true;

        _source[k] = _root;

        _target[k] = i;

        _reverse[k] = j;

        ++j; ++k;

      }

      _first_out[i] = j;

      _first_out[_res_node_num] = k;

      for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {

        int fi = _arc_idf[a];

        int bi = _arc_idb[a];

        _reverse[fi] = bi;

        _reverse[bi] = fi;

      }

      // Reset parameters

      reset();

    }

    /// \name Parameters

    /// The parameters of the algorithm can be specified using these

    /// functions.

    /// @{

    /// \brief Set the lower bounds on the arcs.

    ///

    /// This function sets the lower bounds on the arcs.

    /// If it is not used before calling \ref run(), the lower bounds

    /// will be set to zero on all arcs.

    ///

    /// \param map An arc map storing the lower bounds.

    /// Its \c Value type must be convertible to the \c Value type

    /// of the algorithm.

    ///

    /// \return <tt>(*this)</tt>

    template <typename LowerMap>

    CostScaling& lowerMap(const LowerMap& map) {

      _have_lower = true;

      for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {

        _lower[_arc_idf[a]] = map[a];

        _lower[_arc_idb[a]] = map[a];

      }

      return *this;

    }

    /// \brief Set the upper bounds (capacities) on the arcs.

    ///

    /// This function sets the upper bounds (capacities) on the arcs.

    /// If it is not used before calling \ref run(), the upper bounds

    /// will be set to \ref INF on all arcs (i.e. the flow value will be

    /// unbounded from above on each arc).

    ///

    /// \param map An arc map storing the upper bounds.

    /// Its \c Value type must be convertible to the \c Value type

    /// of the algorithm.

    ///

    /// \return <tt>(*this)</tt>

    template<typename UpperMap>

    CostScaling& upperMap(const UpperMap& map) {

      for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {

        _upper[_arc_idf[a]] = map[a];

      }

      return *this;

    }

    /// \brief Set the costs of the arcs.

    ///

    /// This function sets the costs of the arcs.

    /// If it is not used before calling \ref run(), the costs

    /// will be set to \c 1 on all arcs.

    ///

    /// \param map An arc map storing the costs.

    /// Its \c Value type must be convertible to the \c Cost type

    /// of the algorithm.

    ///

    /// \return <tt>(*this)</tt>

    template<typename CostMap>

    CostScaling& costMap(const CostMap& map) {

      for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {

        _scost[_arc_idf[a]] =  map[a];

        _scost[_arc_idb[a]] = -map[a];

      }

      return *this;

    }

    /// \brief Set the supply values of the nodes.

    ///

    /// This function sets the supply values of the nodes.

    /// If neither this function nor \ref stSupply() is used before

    /// calling \ref run(), the supply of each node will be set to zero.

    ///

    /// \param map A node map storing the supply values.

    /// Its \c Value type must be convertible to the \c Value type

    /// of the algorithm.

    ///

    /// \return <tt>(*this)</tt>

    template<typename SupplyMap>

    CostScaling& supplyMap(const SupplyMap& map) {

      for (NodeIt n(_graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {

        _supply[_node_id[n]] = map[n];

      }

      return *this;

    }

    /// \brief Set single source and target nodes and a supply value.

    ///

    /// This function sets a single source node and a single target node

    /// and the required flow value.

    /// If neither this function nor \ref supplyMap() is used before

    /// calling \ref run(), the supply of each node will be set to zero.

    ///

    /// Using this function has the same effect as using \ref supplyMap()

    /// with such a map in which \c k is assigned to \c s, \c -k is

    /// assigned to \c t and all other nodes have zero supply value.

    ///

    /// \param s The source node.

    /// \param t The target node.

    /// \param k The required amount of flow from node \c s to node \c t

    /// (i.e. the supply of \c s and the demand of \c t).

    ///

    /// \return <tt>(*this)</tt>

    CostScaling& stSupply(const Node& s, const Node& t, Value k) {

      for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {

        _supply[i] = 0;

      }

      _supply[_node_id[s]] =  k;

      _supply[_node_id[t]] = -k;

      return *this;

    }

    /// @}

    /// \name Execution control

    /// The algorithm can be executed using \ref run().

    /// @{

    /// \brief Run the algorithm.

    ///

    /// This function runs the algorithm.

    /// The paramters can be specified using functions \ref lowerMap(),

    /// \ref upperMap(), \ref costMap(), \ref supplyMap(), \ref stSupply().

    /// For example,

    /// \code

    ///   CostScaling<ListDigraph> cs(graph);

    ///   cs.lowerMap(lower).upperMap(upper).costMap(cost)

    ///     .supplyMap(sup).run();

    /// \endcode

    ///

    /// This function can be called more than once. All the parameters

    /// that have been given are kept for the next call, unless

    /// \ref reset() is called, thus only the modified parameters

    /// have to be set again. See \ref reset() for examples.

    /// However, the underlying digraph must not be modified after this

    /// class have been constructed, since it copies and extends the graph.

    ///

    /// \param method The internal method that will be used in the

    /// algorithm. For more information, see \ref Method.

    /// \param factor The cost scaling factor. It must be larger than one.

    ///

    /// \return \c INFEASIBLE if no feasible flow exists,

    /// \n \c OPTIMAL if the problem has optimal solution

    /// (i.e. it is feasible and bounded), and the algorithm has found

    /// optimal flow and node potentials (primal and dual solutions),

    /// \n \c UNBOUNDED if the digraph contains an arc of negative cost

    /// and infinite upper bound. It means that the objective function

    /// is unbounded on that arc, however note that it could actually be

    /// bounded over the feasible flows, but this algroithm cannot handle

    /// these cases.

    ///

    /// \see ProblemType, Method

    ProblemType run(Method method = PARTIAL_AUGMENT, int factor = 8) {

      _alpha = factor;

      ProblemType pt = init();

      if (pt != OPTIMAL) return pt;

      start(method);

      return OPTIMAL;

    }

    /// \brief Reset all the parameters that have been given before.

    ///

    /// This function resets all the paramaters that have been given

    /// before using functions \ref lowerMap(), \ref upperMap(),

    /// \ref costMap(), \ref supplyMap(), \ref stSupply().

    ///

    /// It is useful for multiple run() calls. If this function is not

    /// used, all the parameters given before are kept for the next

    /// \ref run() call.

    /// However the underlying digraph must not be modified after this

    /// class have been constructed, since it copies and extends the graph.

    ///

    /// For example,

    /// \code

    ///   CostScaling<ListDigraph> cs(graph);

    ///

    ///   // First run

    ///   cs.lowerMap(lower).upperMap(upper).costMap(cost)

    ///     .supplyMap(sup).run();

    ///

    ///   // Run again with modified cost map (reset() is not called,

    ///   // so only the cost map have to be set again)

    ///   cost[e] += 100;

    ///   cs.costMap(cost).run();

    ///

    ///   // Run again from scratch using reset()

    ///   // (the lower bounds will be set to zero on all arcs)

    ///   cs.reset();

    ///   cs.upperMap(capacity).costMap(cost)

    ///     .supplyMap(sup).run();

    /// \endcode

    ///

    /// \return <tt>(*this)</tt>

    CostScaling& reset() {

      for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {

        _supply[i] = 0;

      }

      int limit = _first_out[_root];

      for (int j = 0; j != limit; ++j) {

        _lower[j] = 0;

        _upper[j] = INF;

        _scost[j] = _forward[j] ? 1 : -1;

      }

      for (int j = limit; j != _res_arc_num; ++j) {

        _lower[j] = 0;

        _upper[j] = INF;

        _scost[j] = 0;

        _scost[_reverse[j]] = 0;

      }      

      _have_lower = false;

      return *this;

    }

    /// @}

    /// \name Query Functions

    /// The results of the algorithm can be obtained using these

    /// functions.\n

    /// The \ref run() function must be called before using them.

    /// @{

    /// \brief Return the total cost of the found flow.

    ///

    /// This function returns the total cost of the found flow.

    /// Its complexity is O(e).

    ///

    /// \note The return type of the function can be specified as a

    /// template parameter. For example,

    /// \code

    ///   cs.totalCost<double>();

    /// \endcode

    /// It is useful if the total cost cannot be stored in the \c Cost

    /// type of the algorithm, which is the default return type of the

    /// function.

    ///

    /// \pre \ref run() must be called before using this function.

    template <typename Number>

    Number totalCost() const {

      Number c = 0;

      for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {

        int i = _arc_idb[a];

        c += static_cast<Number>(_res_cap[i]) *

             (-static_cast<Number>(_scost[i]));

      }

      return c;

    }

#ifndef DOXYGEN

    Cost totalCost() const {

      return totalCost<Cost>();

    }

#endif

    /// \brief Return the flow on the given arc.

    ///

    /// This function returns the flow on the given arc.

    ///

    /// \pre \ref run() must be called before using this function.

    Value flow(const Arc& a) const {

      return _res_cap[_arc_idb[a]];

    }

    /// \brief Return the flow map (the primal solution).

    ///

    /// This function copies the flow value on each arc into the given

    /// map. The \c Value type of the algorithm must be convertible to

    /// the \c Value type of the map.

    ///

    /// \pre \ref run() must be called before using this function.

    template <typename FlowMap>

    void flowMap(FlowMap &map) const {

      for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {

        map.set(a, _res_cap[_arc_idb[a]]);

      }

    }

    /// \brief Return the potential (dual value) of the given node.

    ///

    /// This function returns the potential (dual value) of the

    /// given node.

    ///

    /// \pre \ref run() must be called before using this function.

    Cost potential(const Node& n) const {

      return static_cast<Cost>(_pi[_node_id[n]]);

    }

    /// \brief Return the potential map (the dual solution).

    ///

    /// This function copies the potential (dual value) of each node

    /// into the given map.

    /// The \c Cost type of the algorithm must be convertible to the

    /// \c Value type of the map.

    ///

    /// \pre \ref run() must be called before using this function.

    template <typename PotentialMap>

    void potentialMap(PotentialMap &map) const {

      for (NodeIt n(_graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {

        map.set(n, static_cast<Cost>(_pi[_node_id[n]]));

      }

    }

    /// @}

  private:

    // Initialize the algorithm

    ProblemType init() {

      if (_res_node_num == 0) return INFEASIBLE;

      // Check the sum of supply values

      _sum_supply = 0;

      for (int i = 0; i != _root; ++i) {

        _sum_supply += _supply[i];

      }

      if (_sum_supply > 0) return INFEASIBLE;

      // Initialize vectors

      for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {

        _pi[i] = 0;

        _excess[i] = _supply[i];

      }

      // Remove infinite upper bounds and check negative arcs

      const Value MAX = std::numeric_limits<Value>::max();

      int last_out;

      if (_have_lower) {

        for (int i = 0; i != _root; ++i) {

          last_out = _first_out[i+1];

          for (int j = _first_out[i]; j != last_out; ++j) {

            if (_forward[j]) {

              Value c = _scost[j] < 0 ? _upper[j] : _lower[j];

              if (c >= MAX) return UNBOUNDED;

              _excess[i] -= c;

              _excess[_target[j]] += c;

            }

          }

        }

      } else {

        for (int i = 0; i != _root; ++i) {

          last_out = _first_out[i+1];

          for (int j = _first_out[i]; j != last_out; ++j) {

            if (_forward[j] && _scost[j] < 0) {

              Value c = _upper[j];

              if (c >= MAX) return UNBOUNDED;

              _excess[i] -= c;

              _excess[_target[j]] += c;

            }

          }

        }

      }

      Value ex, max_cap = 0;

      for (int i = 0; i != _res_node_num; ++i) {

        ex = _excess[i];

        _excess[i] = 0;

        if (ex < 0) max_cap -= ex;

      }

      for (int j = 0; j != _res_arc_num; ++j) {

        if (_upper[j] >= MAX) _upper[j] = max_cap;

      }

      // Initialize the large cost vector and the epsilon parameter

      _epsilon = 0;

      LargeCost lc;

      for (int i = 0; i != _root; ++i) {

        last_out = _first_out[i+1];

        for (int j = _first_out[i]; j != last_out; ++j) {

          lc = static_cast<LargeCost>(_scost[j]) * _res_node_num * _alpha;

          _cost[j] = lc;

          if (lc > _epsilon) _epsilon = lc;

        }

      }

      _epsilon /= _alpha;

      // Initialize maps for Circulation and remove non-zero lower bounds

      ConstMap<Arc, Value> low(0);

      typedef typename Digraph::template ArcMap<Value> ValueArcMap;

      typedef typename Digraph::template NodeMap<Value> ValueNodeMap;

      ValueArcMap cap(_graph), flow(_graph);

      ValueNodeMap sup(_graph);

      for (NodeIt n(_graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {

        sup[n] = _supply[_node_id[n]];

      }

      if (_have_lower) {

        for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {

          int j = _arc_idf[a];

          Value c = _lower[j];

          cap[a] = _upper[j] - c;

          sup[_graph.source(a)] -= c;

          sup[_graph.target(a)] += c;

        }

      } else {

        for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {

          cap[a] = _upper[_arc_idf[a]];

        }

      }

      // Find a feasible flow using Circulation

      Circulation<Digraph, ConstMap<Arc, Value>, ValueArcMap, ValueNodeMap>

        circ(_graph, low, cap, sup);

      if (!circ.flowMap(flow).run()) return INFEASIBLE;

      // Set residual capacities and handle GEQ supply type

      if (_sum_supply < 0) {

        for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {

          Value fa = flow[a];

          _res_cap[_arc_idf[a]] = cap[a] - fa;

          _res_cap[_arc_idb[a]] = fa;

          sup[_graph.source(a)] -= fa;

          sup[_graph.target(a)] += fa;

        }

        for (NodeIt n(_graph); n != INVALID; ++n) {

          _excess[_node_id[n]] = sup[n];

        }

        for (int a = _first_out[_root]; a != _res_arc_num; ++a) {

          int u = _target[a];

          int ra = _reverse[a];

          _res_cap[a] = -_sum_supply + 1;

          _res_cap[ra] = -_excess[u];

          _cost[a] = 0;

          _cost[ra] = 0;

          _excess[u] = 0;

        }

      } else {

        for (ArcIt a(_graph); a != INVALID; ++a) {

          Value fa = flow[a];

          _res_cap[_arc_idf[a]] = cap[a] - fa;

          _res_cap[_arc_idb[a]] = fa;

        }

        for (int a = _first_out[_root]; a != _res_arc_num; ++a) {

          int ra = _reverse[a];

          _res_cap[a] = 1;

          _res_cap[ra] = 0;

          _cost[a] = 0;

          _cost[ra] = 0;

        }

      }

      return OPTIMAL;

    }

    // Execute the algorithm and transform the results

    void start(Method method) {

      // Maximum path length for partial augment

      const int MAX_PATH_LENGTH = 4;

      // Execute the algorithm

      switch (method) {

        case PUSH:

          startPush();

          break;

        case AUGMENT:

          startAugment();

          break;

        case PARTIAL_AUGMENT:

          startAugment(MAX_PATH_LENGTH);

          break;

      }

      // Compute node potentials for the original costs

      _arc_vec.clear();

      _cost_vec.clear();

      for (int j = 0; j != _res_arc_num; ++j) {

        if (_res_cap[j] > 0) {

          _arc_vec.push_back(IntPair(_source[j], _target[j]));

          _cost_vec.push_back(_scost[j]);

        }

      }

      _sgr.build(_res_node_num, _arc_vec.begin(), _arc_vec.end());

      typename BellmanFord<StaticDigraph, LargeCostArcMap>

        ::template SetDistMap<LargeCostNodeMap>::Create bf(_sgr, _cost_map);

      bf.distMap(_pi_map);

      bf.init(0);

      bf.start();

      // Handle non-zero lower bounds

      if (_have_lower) {

        int limit = _first_out[_root];

        for (int j = 0; j != limit; ++j) {

          if (!_forward[j]) _res_cap[j] += _lower[j];

        }

      }

    }

    /// Execute the algorithm performing augment and relabel operations

    void startAugment(int max_length = std::numeric_limits<int>::max()) {

      // Paramters for heuristics

      const int BF_HEURISTIC_EPSILON_BOUND = 1000;

      const int BF_HEURISTIC_BOUND_FACTOR  = 3;

      // Perform cost scaling phases

      IntVector pred_arc(_res_node_num);

      std::vector<int> path_nodes;

      for ( ; _epsilon >= 1; _epsilon = _epsilon < _alpha && _epsilon > 1 ?

                                        1 : _epsilon / _alpha )

      {

        // "Early Termination" heuristic: use Bellman-Ford algorithm

        // to check if the current flow is optimal

        if (_epsilon <= BF_HEURISTIC_EPSILON_BOUND) {

          _arc_vec.clear();

          _cost_vec.clear();

          for (int j = 0; j != _res_arc_num; ++j) {

            if (_res_cap[j] > 0) {

              _arc_vec.push_back(IntPair(_source[j], _target[j]));

              _cost_vec.push_back(_cost[j] + 1);

            }

          }

          _sgr.build(_res_node_num, _arc_vec.begin(), _arc_vec.end());

          BellmanFord<StaticDigraph, LargeCostArcMap> bf(_sgr, _cost_map);

          bf.init(0);

          bool done = false;

          int K = int(BF_HEURISTIC_BOUND_FACTOR * sqrt(_res_node_num));

          for (int i = 0; i < K && !done; ++i)

            done = bf.processNextWeakRound();

          if (done) break;

        }

        // Saturate arcs not satisfying the optimality condition

        for (int a = 0; a != _res_arc_num; ++a) {

          if (_res_cap[a] > 0 &&

              _cost[a] + _pi[_source[a]] - _pi[_target[a]] < 0) {

            Value delta = _res_cap[a];

            _excess[_source[a]] -= delta;

            _excess[_target[a]] += delta;

            _res_cap[a] = 0;

            _res_cap[_reverse[a]] += delta;

          }

        }

        // Find active nodes (i.e. nodes with positive excess)

        for (int u = 0; u != _res_node_num; ++u) {

          if (_excess[u] > 0) _active_nodes.push_back(u);

        }

        // Initialize the next arcs

        for (int u = 0; u != _res_node_num; ++u) {

          _next_out[u] = _first_out[u];

        }

        // Perform partial augment and relabel operations

        while (true) {

          // Select an active node (FIFO selection)

          while (_active_nodes.size() > 0 &&

                 _excess[_active_nodes.front()] <= 0) {

            _active_nodes.pop_front();

          }

          if (_active_nodes.size() == 0) break;

          int start = _active_nodes.front();

          path_nodes.clear();

          path_nodes.push_back(start);

          // Find an augmenting path from the start node

          int tip = start;

          while (_excess[tip] >= 0 &&

                 int(path_nodes.size()) <= max_length) {

            int u;

            LargeCost min_red_cost, rc;

            int last_out = _sum_supply < 0 ?

              _first_out[tip+1] : _first_out[tip+1] - 1;

            for (int a = _next_out[tip]; a != last_out; ++a) {

              if (_res_cap[a] > 0 &&

                  _cost[a] + _pi[_source[a]] - _pi[_target[a]] < 0) {

                u = _target[a];

                pred_arc[u] = a;

                _next_out[tip] = a;

                tip = u;

                path_nodes.push_back(tip);

                goto next_step;

              }

            }

            // Relabel tip node

            min_red_cost = std::numeric_limits<LargeCost>::max() / 2;

            for (int a = _first_out[tip]; a != last_out; ++a) {

              rc = _cost[a] + _pi[_source[a]] - _pi[_target[a]];

              if (_res_cap[a] > 0 && rc < min_red_cost) {

                min_red_cost = rc;

              }

            }

            _pi[tip] -= min_red_cost + _epsilon;

            // Reset the next arc of tip

            _next_out[tip] = _first_out[tip];

            // Step back

            if (tip != start) {