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 %% This file is part of the 'Elsarticle Bundle'.

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 %% It may be distributed under the conditions of the LaTeX Project Public

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 %% The list of all files belonging to the 'Elsarticle Bundle' is

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 \documentclass[a4paper,12pt]{article}

 \usepackage[xcolor,qtwo]{rvdtx}

 \usepackage{multicol}

 \usepackage{color}

 \usepackage{xspace}

 \usepackage{pdfwidgets}

 \usepackage{enum}

 \def\ttdefault{cmtt}

 \headsep4pc

 \makeatletter

 \def\bs{\expandafter\@gobble\string\\}

 \def\lb{\expandafter\@gobble\string\{}

 \def\rb{\expandafter\@gobble\string\}}

 \def\@pdfauthor{C.V.Radhakrishnan}

 \def\@pdftitle{elsarticle.cls -- A documentation}

 \def\@pdfsubject{Document formatting with elsarticle.cls}

 \def\@pdfkeywords{LaTeX, Elsevier Ltd, document class}

 \def\file#1{\textsf{#1}\xspace}

 %\def\LastPage{19}

 \DeclareRobustCommand{\LaTeX}{L\kern-.26em%

         {\sbox\z@ T%

          \vbox to\ht\z@{\hbox{\check@mathfonts

            \fontsize\sf@size\z@

            \math@fontsfalse\selectfont

           A\,}%

          \vss}%

         }%

      \kern-.15em%

     \TeX}

 \makeatother

 \def\figurename{Clip}

 \begin{document}

 \def\testa{This is a specimen document. }

 \def\testc{\testa\testa\testa\testa}

 \def\testb{\testc\testc\testc\testc\testc}

 \long\def\test{\testb\par\testb\par\testb\par}

 \pinclude{\copy\contbox\printSq{\LastPage}}

 \title{elsarticle.cls -- A better way to format your document}

 \author{Elsevier Ltd}

 \contact{elsarticle@river-valley.com}

 \version{1.20}

 \date{\today}

 \maketitle

 \section{Introduction}

 %\hypertarget{introduction}{}

 \file{elsarticle.cls} is a thoroughly re-written document class

 for formatting \LaTeX{} submissions to Elsevier journals.

 The class uses the environments and commands defined in \LaTeX{} kernel

 without any change in the signature so that clashes with other

 contributed \LaTeX{} packages such as \file{hyperref.sty},

 \file{preview-latex.sty}, etc., will be minimal.

 \file{elsarticle.cls} is primarily built upon the default

 \file{article.cls}.  This class depends on the following packages

 for its proper functioning:

 \begin{enumerate}

 \item \file{pifont.sty} for openstar in the title footnotes;

 \item \file{natbib.sty} for citation processing;

 \item \file{geometry.sty} for margin settings;

 \item \file{fleqn.clo} for left aligned equations;

 \item \file{graphicx.sty} for graphics inclusion;

 \item \file{txfonts.sty} optional font package, if the document is to

   be formatted with Times and compatible math fonts;

 \item \file{hyperref.sty} optional packages if hyperlinking is

   required in the document.

 \end{enumerate}

 All the above packages are part of any standard \LaTeX{} installation.

 Therefore, the users need not be bothered about downloading any

 extra packages.  Furthermore, users are free to make use of \textsc{ams}

 math packages such as \file{amsmath.sty}, \file{amsthm.sty},

 \file{amssymb.sty}, \file{amsfonts.sty}, etc., if they want to.  All

 these packages work in tandem with \file{elsarticle.cls} without

 any problems.

 \section{Major Differences}

 %\hypertarget{majordifferences}{}

 Following are the major differences between \file{elsarticle.cls}

 and its predecessor package, \file{elsart.cls}:

 \begin{enumerate}[\textbullet]

 \item \file{elsarticle.cls} is built upon \file{article.cls}

 while \file{elsart.cls} is not. \file{elsart.cls} redefines

 many of the commands in the \LaTeX{} classes/kernel, which can

 possibly cause surprising clashes with other contributed

 \LaTeX{} packages;

 \item provides preprint document formatting by default, and

 optionally formats the document as per the final

 style of models $1+$, $3+$ and $5+$ of Elsevier journals;

 \item some easier ways for formatting \verb+list+ and

 \verb+theorem+ environments are provided while people can still

 use \file{amsthm.sty} package;

 \item \file{natbib.sty} is the main citation processing package

   which can comprehensively handle all kinds of citations and

 works perfectly with \file{hyperref.sty} in combination with

 \file{hypernat.sty};

 \item long title pages are processed correctly in preprint and

   final formats.

 \end{enumerate}

 \section{Installation}

 %\hypertarget{installation}{}

 The package is available at author resources page at Elsevier

 (\url{http://www.elsevier.com/locate/latex}).

 It can also be found in any of the nodes of the Comprehensive

 \TeX{} Archive Network (\textsc{ctan}), one of the primary nodes

 being

 \url{http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/elsevier/}.

 Please download the \file{elsarticle.dtx} which is a composite

 class with documentation and \file{elsarticle.ins} which is the

 \LaTeX{} installer file. When we compile the

 \file{elsarticle.ins} with \LaTeX{} it provides the class file,

 \file{elsarticle.cls} by

 stripping off all the documentation from the \verb+*.dtx+ file.

 The class may be moved or copied to a place, usually,

 \verb+$TEXMF/tex/latex/elsevier/+, %$%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

 or a folder which will be read                   

 by \LaTeX{} during document compilation.  The \TeX{} file

 database needs updation after moving/copying class file.  Usually,

 we use commands like \verb+mktexlsr+ or \verb+texhash+ depending

 upon the distribution and operating system.

 \section{Usage}\label{sec:usage}

 %\hypertarget{usage}{}

 The class should be loaded with the command:

 \begin{vquote}

  \documentclass[<options>]{elsarticle}

 \end{vquote}

 \noindent where the \verb+options+ can be the following:

 \begin{description}

 \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} preprint}]  default option which format the

   document for submission to Elsevier journals.

 \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} review}]  similar to the \verb+preprint+ option, but

   increases the baselineskip to facilitate easier review process.

 \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} 1p}]  formats the article to the look and feel of the final

   format of model 1+ journals. This is always single column style.

 \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} 3p}] formats the article to the look and feel of the final

   format of model 3+ journals. If the journal is a two column

 model, use \verb+twocolumn+ option in combination.

 \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} 5p}] formats for model 5+ journals. This is always

   of two column style.

 \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} authoryear}] author-year citation style of

   \file{natbib.sty}. If you want to add extra options of

 \file{natbib.sty}, you may use the options as comma delimited

 strings as arguments to \verb+\biboptions+ command. An example

 would be:

 \end{description}

 \begin{vquote}

  \biboptions{longnamesfirst,angle,semicolon}

 \end{vquote}

 \begin{description}

 \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} number}] numbered citation style. Extra options

   can be loaded with\linebreak \verb+\biboptions+ command.

 \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} sort\&compress}] sorts and compresses the

 numbered citations. For example, citation [1,2,3] will become [1--3].

 \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} longtitle}] if front matter is unusually long, use

   this option to split the title page across pages with the correct

 placement of title and author footnotes in the first page.

 \item [{\tt\color{verbcolor} times}] loads \file{txfonts.sty}, if available in

   the system to use Times and compatible math fonts.

 \item[] All options of \file{article.cls} can be used with this

   document class.

 \item[] The default options loaded are \verb+a4paper+, \verb+10pt+,

   \verb+oneside+, \verb+onecolumn+ and \verb+preprint+.

 \end{description}

 \section{Frontmatter}

 %\hypertarget{preamble}{}

 There are two types of frontmatter coding:

 \begin{enumerate}[(1)]

 \item each author is

 connected to an affiliation with a footnote marker; hence all

 authors are grouped together and affiliations follow;

 \item authors of same affiliations are grouped together and the

 relevant affiliation follows this group. An example coding of the first

 type is provided below.

 \end{enumerate}

 \begin{vquote}

  \title{This is a specimen title\tnoteref{t1,t2}}

  \tnotetext[t1]{This document is a collaborative effort.}

  \tnotetext[t2]{The second title footnote which is a longer

     longer than the first one and with an intention to fill

     in up more than one line while formatting.}

 \end{vquote}

 \begin{vquote}

  \author[rvt]{C.V.~Radhakrishnan\corref{cor1}\fnref{fn1}}

  \ead{cvr@river-valley.com}

  \author[rvt,focal]{K.~Bazargan\fnref{fn2}}

  \ead{kaveh@river-valley.com}

  \author[els]{S.~Pepping\corref{cor2}\fnref{fn1,fn3}}

  \ead[url]{http://www.elsevier.com}

 \end{vquote}

 \begin{vquote}

  \cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}

  \cortext[cor2]{Principal corresponding author}

  \fntext[fn1]{This is the specimen author footnote.}

  \fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, but a little more 

              longer.}

  \fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote. Indeed, you can have

     any number of author footnotes.}

  \address[rvt]{River Valley Technologies, SJP Building,

     Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014}

  \address[focal]{River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court,

     Kennford, Exeter, United Kingdom}

  \address[els]{Central Application Management,

     Elsevier, Radarweg 29, 1043 NX\\

     Amsterdam, Netherlands}

 \end{vquote}

 The output of the above TeX source is given in Clips~\ref{clip1} and

 \ref{clip2}. The header portion or title area is given in Clip~\ref{clip1} and

 the footer area is given in Clip~\ref{clip2}.

 \vspace*{6pt}

 \def\rulecolor{blue!70}

 \src{Header of the title page.}

 \includeclip{1}{132 571 481 690}{els1.pdf}

 \def\rulecolor{orange}

 %\vspace*{6pt}

 \def\rulecolor{blue!70}

 \src{Footer of the title page.}

 \includeclip{1}{122 129 481 237}{els1.pdf}

 \def\rulecolor{orange}

 \pagebreak

 Most of the commands such as \verb+\title+, \verb+\author+,

 \verb+\address+ are self explanatory.  Various components are

 linked to each other by a label--reference mechanism; for

 instance, title footnote is linked to the title with a footnote

 mark generated by referring to the \verb+\label+ string of

 the \verb=\tnotetext=.  We have used similar commands

 such as \verb=\tnoteref= (to link title note to title);

 \verb=\corref= (to link corresponding author text to

 corresponding author); \verb=\fnref= (to link footnote text to

 the relevant author names).  \TeX{} needs two compilations to

 resolve the footnote marks in the preamble part.  

 Given below are the syntax of various note marks and note texts.

 \begin{vquote}

   \tnoteref{<label(s)>}

   \corref{<label(s)>}

   \fnref{<label(s)>}

   \tnotetext[<label>]{<title note text>}

   \cortext[<label>]{<corresponding author note text>}

   \fntext[<label>]{<author footnote text>}

 \end{vquote}

 \noindent where \verb=<label(s)>= can be either one or more comma

 delimited label strings. The optional arguments to the

 \verb=\author= command holds the ref label(s) of the address(es)

 to which the author is affiliated while each \verb=\address=

 command can have an optional argument of a label. In the same

 manner, \verb=\tnotetext=, \verb=\fntext=, \verb=\cortext= will

 have optional arguments as their respective labels and note text

 as their mandatory argument.

 The following example code provides the markup of the second type

 of author-affiliation.

 %as seen in the output given in the

 %box to the right.

 %\pinclude{\def\rulecolor{blue!80}

 %   \includeclip[width=3.25in]{1}{130 84 484 676}{els2.pdf}%

 % \def\rulecolor{orange}}

 \begin{vquote}

 \author{C.V.~Radhakrishnan\corref{cor1}\fnref{fn1}}

  \ead{cvr@river-valley.com}

  \address{River Valley Technologies, SJP Building,

    Cotton Hills, Trivandrum, Kerala, India 695014}

 \end{vquote}

 \begin{vquote}

 \author{K.~Bazargan\fnref{fn2}}

  \ead{kaveh@river-valley.com}

  \address{River Valley Technologies, 9, Browns Court, Kennford,

    Exeter, UK.}

 \end{vquote}

 \begin{vquote}

 \author{S.~Pepping\fnref{fn1,fn3}}

  \ead[url]{http://www.elsevier.com}

  \address{Central Application Management,

    Elsevier, Radarweg 43, 1043 NX Amsterdam, Netherlands}

 \end{vquote}

 \begin{vquote}

 \cortext[cor1]{Corresponding author}

 \fntext[fn1]{This is the first author footnote.}

 \fntext[fn2]{Another author footnote, this is a very long 

   footnote and it should be a really long footnote. But this 

   footnote is not yet sufficiently long enough to make two lines 

   of footnote text.}

 \fntext[fn3]{Yet another author footnote.}

 \end{vquote}

 The output of the above TeX source is given in Clip~\ref{clip3}.

 \vspace*{12pt}

 \def\rulecolor{blue!70}

 \src{Header of the title page..}

 \includeclip{1}{132 491 481 690}{els2.pdf}

 \def\rulecolor{orange}

 The frontmatter part has further environments such as abstracts and

 keywords.  These can be marked up in the following

 manner:

 %\verb+\begin{abstract}+ \dots \verb+\end{abstract}+ and

 %\verb+\begin{keyword}+ \verb+...+ \verb+\end{keyword}+ which

 %contain the abstract and keywords respectively. 

 \begin{vquote}

  \begin{abstract}

   In this work we demonstrate the formation of a new type of 

   polariton on the interface between a ....

  \end{abstract}

 \end{vquote} 

 \begin{vquote}

  \begin{keyword}

   quadruple exiton \sep polariton \sep WGM

   \PACS 71.35.-y \sep 71.35.Lk \sep 71.36.+c

  \end{keyword}

 \end{vquote}

 \noindent Each keyword shall be separated by a \verb+\sep+ command.

 \textsc{pacs} and \textsc{msc} classifications shall be provided in 

 the keyword environment with the commands \verb+\PACS+ and

 \verb+\MSC+ respectively.  \verb+\MSC+ accepts an optional

 argument to accommodate future revisions.

 eg., \verb=\MSC[2008]=. The default is 2000.\looseness=-1

 \section{Floats}

 {Figures} may be included using the command, \verb+\includegraphics+ in

 combination with or without its several options to further control

 graphic. \verb+\includegraphics+ is provided by \file{graphic[s,x].sty}

 which is part of any standard \LaTeX{} distribution.

 \file{graphicx.sty} is loaded by default. \LaTeX{} accepts figures in

 the postscript format while pdf\LaTeX{} accepts \file{*.pdf},

 \file{*.mps} (metapost), \file{*.jpg} and \file{*.png} formats. 

 pdf\LaTeX{} does not accept graphic files in the postscript format. 

 The \verb+table+ environment is handy for marking up tabular

 material. If users want to use \file{multirow.sty},

 \file{array.sty}, etc., to fine control/enhance the tables, they

 are welcome to load any package of their choice and

 \file{elsarticle.cls} will work in combination with all loaded

 packages.

 \section[Theorem and ...]{Theorem and theorem like environments}

 \file{elsarticle.cls} provides a few shortcuts to format theorems and

 theorem-like environments with ease. In all commands the options that

 are used with the \verb+\newtheorem+ command will work exactly in the same

 manner. \file{elsarticle.cls} provides three commands to format theorem or

 theorem-like environments: 

 \begin{vquote}

  \newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}

  \newtheorem{lem}[thm]{Lemma}

  \newdefinition{rmk}{Remark}

  \newproof{pf}{Proof}

  \newproof{pot}{Proof of Theorem \ref{thm2}}

 \end{vquote}

 The \verb+\newtheorem+ command formats a

 theorem in \LaTeX's default style with italicized font, bold font

 for theorem heading and theorem number at the right hand side of the

 theorem heading.  It also optionally accepts an argument which

 will be printed as an extra heading in parentheses. 

 \begin{vquote}

   \begin{thm} 

    For system (8), consensus can be achieved with $\|T_{\omega z}$

    ...

      \begin{eqnarray}\label{10}

      ....

      \end{eqnarray}

   \end{thm}

 \end{vquote}  

 Clip~\ref{clip4} will show you how some text enclosed between the

 above code looks like:

 \vspace*{6pt}

 \def\rulecolor{blue!70}

 \src{{\ttfamily\color{verbcolor}\bs newtheorem}}

 \includeclip{2}{1 1 453 120}{jfigs.pdf}

 \def\rulecolor{orange}

 The \verb+\newdefinition+ command is the same in

 all respects as its\linebreak \verb+\newtheorem+ counterpart except that

 the font shape is roman instead of italic.  Both

 \verb+\newdefinition+ and \verb+\newtheorem+ commands

 automatically define counters for the environments defined.

 \vspace*{12pt}

 \def\rulecolor{blue!70}

 \src{{\ttfamily\color{verbcolor}\bs newdefinition}}

 \includeclip{1}{1 1 453 105}{jfigs.pdf}

 \def\rulecolor{orange}

 The \verb+\newproof+ command defines proof environments with

 upright font shape.  No counters are defined. 

 \vspace*{6pt}

 \def\rulecolor{blue!70}

 \src{{\ttfamily\color{verbcolor}\bs newproof}}

 \includeclip{3}{1 1 453 65}{jfigs.pdf}

 \def\rulecolor{orange}

 Users can also make use of \verb+amsthm.sty+ which will override

 all the default definitions described above.

 \section[Enumerated ...]{Enumerated and Itemized Lists}

 \file{elsarticle.cls} provides an extended list processing macros

 which makes the usage a bit more user friendly than the default

 \LaTeX{} list macros.   With an optional argument to the

 \verb+\begin{enumerate}+ command, you can change the list counter

 type and its attributes.

 \begin{vquote}

  \begin{enumerate}[1.]

  \item The enumerate environment starts with an optional

    argument `1.', so that the item counter will be suffixed

    by a period.

  \item You can use `a)' for alphabetical counter and '(i)' for

    roman counter.

   \begin{enumerate}[a)]

     \item Another level of list with alphabetical counter.

     \item One more item before we start another.

     \begin{enumerate}[(i)]

      \item This item has roman numeral counter.

      \item Another one before we close the third level.

     \end{enumerate}

     \item Third item in second level.

   \end{enumerate}

  \item All list items conclude with this step.

  \end{enumerate}

 \end{vquote}

 \vspace*{12pt}

 \def\rulecolor{blue!70}

 \src{List -- Enumerate}

 \includeclip{4}{1 1 453 185}{jfigs.pdf}

 \def\rulecolor{orange}

 Further, the enhanced list environment allows one to prefix a

 string like `step' to all the item numbers.  Take a look at the

 example below:

 \begin{vquote}

  \begin{enumerate}[Step 1.]

   \item This is the first step of the example list.

   \item Obviously this is the second step.

   \item The final step to wind up this example.

  \end{enumerate}

 \end{vquote}

 \def\rulecolor{blue!70}

 \src{List -- enhanced}

 \includeclip{5}{1 1 313 83}{jfigs.pdf}

 \def\rulecolor{orange}

 \vspace*{-18pt}

 \section{Cross-references}

 In electronic publications, articles may be internally

 hyperlinked. Hyperlinks are generated from proper

 cross-references in the article.  For example, the words

 \textcolor{black!80}{Fig.~1} will never be more than simple text,

 whereas the proper cross-reference \verb+\ref{tiger}+ may be

 turned into a hyperlink to the figure itself:

 \textcolor{blue}{Fig.~1}.  In the same way,

 the words \textcolor{blue}{Ref.~[1]} will fail to turn into a

 hyperlink; the proper cross-reference is \verb+\cite{Knuth96}+.

 Cross-referencing is possible in \LaTeX{} for sections,

 subsections, formulae, figures, tables, and literature

 references.

 \section[Mathematical ...]{Mathematical symbols and formulae}

 Many physical/mathematical sciences authors require more

 mathematical symbols than the few that are provided in standard

 \LaTeX. A useful package for additional symbols is the

 \file{amssymb} package, developed by the American Mathematical

 Society. This package includes such oft-used symbols as

 $\lesssim$ (\verb+\lesssim+), $\gtrsim$ (\verb+\gtrsim+)  or 

 $\hbar$ (\verb+\hbar+). Note that your \TeX{}

 system should have the \file{msam} and \file{msbm} fonts installed. If

 you need only a few symbols, such as $\Box$ (\verb+\Box+), you might try the

 package \file{latexsym}.

 Another point which would require authors' attention is the

 breaking up of long equations.  When you use

 \file{elsarticle.cls} for formatting your submissions in the 

 \verb+preprint+ mode, the document is formatted in single column

 style with a text width of 384pt or 5.3in.  When this document is

 formatted for final print and if the journal happens to be a double column

 journal, the text width will be reduced to 224pt at for 3+

 double column and 5+ journals respectively. All the nifty 

 fine-tuning in equation breaking done by the author goes to waste in

 such cases.  Therefore, authors are requested to check this

 problem by typesetting their submissions in final format as well

 just to see if their equations are broken at appropriate places,

 by changing appropriate options in the document class loading

 command, which is explained in section~\ref{sec:usage},

 \nameref{sec:usage}. This allows authors to fix any equation breaking

 problem before submission for publication.

 \file{elsarticle.cls} supports formatting the author submission

 in different types of final format.  This is further discussed in

 section \ref{sec:final}, \nameref{sec:final}.

 \section{Bibliography}

 Three bibliographic style files (\verb+*.bst+) are provided ---

 \file{elsarticle-num.bst}, \file{elsarticle-num-names.bst} and

 \file{elsarticle-harv.bst} --- the first one for the numbered scheme, the

 second for the numbered with new options of \file{natbib.sty} and the

 last one for the author year scheme.

 In \LaTeX{} literature, references are listed in the

 \verb+thebibliography+ environment.  Each reference is a

 \verb+\bibitem+ and each \verb+\bibitem+ is identified by a label,

 by which it can be cited in the text:

 \verb+\bibitem[Elson et al.(1996)]{ESG96}+ is cited as

 \verb+\citet{ESG96}+. 

 \noindent In connection with cross-referencing and

 possible future hyperlinking it is not a good idea to collect

 more that one literature item in one \verb+\bibitem+.  The

 so-called Harvard or author-year style of referencing is enabled

 by the \LaTeX{} package \file{natbib}. With this package the

 literature can be cited as follows:

 \begin{enumerate}[\textbullet]

 \item Parenthetical: \verb+\citep{WB96}+ produces (Wettig \& Brown, 1996).

 \item Textual: \verb+\citet{ESG96}+ produces Elson et al. (1996).

 \item An affix and part of a reference:

 \verb+\citep[e.g.][Ch. 2]{Gea97}+ produces (e.g. Governato et

 al., 1997, Ch. 2).

 \end{enumerate}

 In the numbered scheme of citation, \verb+\cite{<label>}+ is used,

 since \verb+\citep+ or \verb+\citet+ has no relevance in the numbered

 scheme.  \file{natbib} package is loaded by \file{elsarticle} with

 \verb+numbers+ as default option.  You can change this to author-year

 or harvard scheme by adding option \verb+authoryear+ in the class

 loading command.  If you want to use more options of the \file{natbib}

 package, you can do so with the \verb+\biboptions+ command, which is

 described in the section \ref{sec:usage}, \nameref{sec:usage}.  For

 details of various options of the \file{natbib} package, please take a

 look at the \file{natbib} documentation, which is part of any standard

 \LaTeX{} installation.

 \subsection*{Displayed equations and double column journals}

 Many Elsevier journals print their text in two columns. Since

 the preprint layout uses a larger line width than such columns,

 the formulae are too wide for the line width in print. Here is an

 example of an equation  (see equation 6) which is perfect in a

 single column preprint format:

 \bigskip

 \setlength\Sep{6pt}

 \src{See equation (6)}

 \def\rulecolor{blue!70}

 \includeclip{4}{134 391 483 584}{els1.pdf}

 \def\rulecolor{orange}

 \noindent When this document is typeset for publication in a

 model 3+ journal with double columns, the equation will overlap

 the second column text matter if the equation is not broken at

 the appropriate location.

 \vspace*{6pt}

 \def\rulecolor{blue!70}

 \src{See equation (6) overprints into second column}

 \includeclip{3}{61 531 532 734}{els-3pd.pdf}

 \def\rulecolor{orange}

 \pagebreak

 \noindent The typesetter will try to break the equation which

 need not necessarily be to the liking of the author or as it

 happens, typesetter's break point may be semantically incorrect.

 Therefore, authors may check their submissions for the incidence

 of such long equations and break the equations at the correct

 places so that the final typeset copy will be as they wish.

 \section{Final print}\label{sec:final}

 The authors can format their submission to the page size and margins

 of their preferred journal.  \file{elsarticle} provides four

 class options for the same. But it does not mean that using these

 options you can emulate the exact page layout of the final print copy. 

 \lmrgn=3em

 \begin{description}

 \item [\texttt{1p}:] $1+$ journals with a text area of

 384pt $\times$ 562pt or 13.5cm $\times$ 19.75cm or 5.3in $\times$

 7.78in, single column style only.

 \item [\texttt{3p}:] $3+$ journals with a text area of 468pt

 $\times$ 622pt or 16.45cm $\times$ 21.9cm or 6.5in $\times$

 8.6in, single column style.

 \item [\texttt{twocolumn}:] should be used along with 3p option if the

 journal is $3+$ with the same text area as above, but double column

 style. 

 \item [\texttt{5p}:] $5+$ with text area of 522pt $\times$

 682pt or 18.35cm $\times$ 24cm or 7.22in $\times$ 9.45in,

 double column style only.

 \end{description}

 Following pages have the clippings of different parts of

 the title page of different journal models typeset in final

 format.

 Model $1+$ and $3+$  will have the same look and

 feel in the typeset copy when presented in this document. That is

 also the case with the double column $3+$ and $5+$ journal article

 pages. The only difference will be wider text width of

 higher models.  Therefore we will look at the

 different portions of a typical single column journal page and

 that of a double column article in the final format.

 \vspace*{2pc}

 \begin{center}

 \hypertarget{bsc}{}

 \hyperlink{sc}{

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