/* -*- C++ -*-

 *

 * This file is a part of LEMON, a generic C++ optimization library

 *

 * Copyright (C) 2003-2006

 * Egervary Jeno Kombinatorikus Optimalizalasi Kutatocsoport

 * (Egervary Research Group on Combinatorial Optimization, EGRES).

 *

 * Permission to use, modify and distribute this software is granted

 * provided that this copyright notice appears in all copies. For

 * precise terms see the accompanying LICENSE file.

 *

 * This software is provided "AS IS" with no warranty of any kind,

 * express or implied, and with no claim as to its suitability for any

 * purpose.

 *

 */

#ifndef LEMON_LIST_GRAPH_H

#define LEMON_LIST_GRAPH_H

///\ingroup graphs

///\file

///\brief ListGraph, ListUGraph classes.

#include <lemon/bits/base_extender.h>

#include <lemon/bits/graph_extender.h>

#include <lemon/error.h>

#include <vector>

#include <list>

namespace lemon {

  class ListGraphBase {

  protected:

    struct NodeT {

      int first_in, first_out;

      int prev, next;

    };

    struct EdgeT {

      int target, source;

      int prev_in, prev_out;

      int next_in, next_out;

    };

    std::vector<NodeT> nodes;

    int first_node;

    int first_free_node;

    std::vector<EdgeT> edges;

    int first_free_edge;

  public:

    typedef ListGraphBase Graph;

    class Node {

      friend class ListGraphBase;

    protected:

      int id;

      explicit Node(int pid) { id = pid;}

    public:

      Node() {}

      Node (Invalid) { id = -1; }

      bool operator==(const Node& node) const {return id == node.id;}

      bool operator!=(const Node& node) const {return id != node.id;}

      bool operator<(const Node& node) const {return id < node.id;}

    };

    class Edge {

      friend class ListGraphBase;

    protected:

      int id;

      explicit Edge(int pid) { id = pid;}

    public:

      Edge() {}

      Edge (Invalid) { id = -1; }

      bool operator==(const Edge& edge) const {return id == edge.id;}

      bool operator!=(const Edge& edge) const {return id != edge.id;}

      bool operator<(const Edge& edge) const {return id < edge.id;}

    };

    ListGraphBase()

      : nodes(), first_node(-1),

	first_free_node(-1), edges(), first_free_edge(-1) {}

    /// Maximum node ID.

    /// Maximum node ID.

    ///\sa id(Node)

    int maxNodeId() const { return nodes.size()-1; } 

    /// Maximum edge ID.

    /// Maximum edge ID.

    ///\sa id(Edge)

    int maxEdgeId() const { return edges.size()-1; }

    Node source(Edge e) const { return Node(edges[e.id].source); }

    Node target(Edge e) const { return Node(edges[e.id].target); }

    void first(Node& node) const { 

      node.id = first_node;

    }

    void next(Node& node) const {

      node.id = nodes[node.id].next;

    }

    void first(Edge& e) const { 

      int n;

      for(n = first_node; 

	  n!=-1 && nodes[n].first_in == -1; 

	  n = nodes[n].next);

      e.id = (n == -1) ? -1 : nodes[n].first_in;

    }

    void next(Edge& edge) const {

      if (edges[edge.id].next_in != -1) {

	edge.id = edges[edge.id].next_in;

      } else {

	int n;

	for(n = nodes[edges[edge.id].target].next;

	  n!=-1 && nodes[n].first_in == -1; 

	  n = nodes[n].next);

	edge.id = (n == -1) ? -1 : nodes[n].first_in;

      }      

    }

    void firstOut(Edge &e, const Node& v) const {

      e.id = nodes[v.id].first_out;

    }

    void nextOut(Edge &e) const {

      e.id=edges[e.id].next_out;

    }

    void firstIn(Edge &e, const Node& v) const {

      e.id = nodes[v.id].first_in;

    }

    void nextIn(Edge &e) const {

      e.id=edges[e.id].next_in;

    }

    static int id(Node v) { return v.id; }

    static int id(Edge e) { return e.id; }

    static Node nodeFromId(int id) { return Node(id);}

    static Edge edgeFromId(int id) { return Edge(id);}

    /// Adds a new node to the graph.

    /// \warning It adds the new node to the front of the list.

    /// (i.e. the lastly added node becomes the first.)

    Node addNode() {     

      int n;

      if(first_free_node==-1) {

	n = nodes.size();

	nodes.push_back(NodeT());

      } else {

	n = first_free_node;

	first_free_node = nodes[n].next;

      }

      nodes[n].next = first_node;

      if(first_node != -1) nodes[first_node].prev = n;

      first_node = n;

      nodes[n].prev = -1;

      nodes[n].first_in = nodes[n].first_out = -1;

      return Node(n);

    }

    Edge addEdge(Node u, Node v) {

      int n;      

      if (first_free_edge == -1) {

	n = edges.size();

	edges.push_back(EdgeT());

      } else {

	n = first_free_edge;

	first_free_edge = edges[n].next_in;

      }

      edges[n].source = u.id; 

      edges[n].target = v.id;

      edges[n].next_out = nodes[u.id].first_out;

      if(nodes[u.id].first_out != -1) {

	edges[nodes[u.id].first_out].prev_out = n;

      }

      edges[n].next_in = nodes[v.id].first_in;

      if(nodes[v.id].first_in != -1) {

	edges[nodes[v.id].first_in].prev_in = n;

      }

      edges[n].prev_in = edges[n].prev_out = -1;

      nodes[u.id].first_out = nodes[v.id].first_in = n;

      return Edge(n);

    }

    void erase(const Node& node) {

      int n = node.id;

      if(nodes[n].next != -1) {

	nodes[nodes[n].next].prev = nodes[n].prev;

      }

      if(nodes[n].prev != -1) {

	nodes[nodes[n].prev].next = nodes[n].next;

      } else {

	first_node = nodes[n].next;

      }

      nodes[n].next = first_free_node;

      first_free_node = n;

    }

    void erase(const Edge& edge) {

      int n = edge.id;

      if(edges[n].next_in!=-1) {

	edges[edges[n].next_in].prev_in = edges[n].prev_in;

      }

      if(edges[n].prev_in!=-1) {

	edges[edges[n].prev_in].next_in = edges[n].next_in;

      } else {

	nodes[edges[n].target].first_in = edges[n].next_in;

      }

      if(edges[n].next_out!=-1) {

	edges[edges[n].next_out].prev_out = edges[n].prev_out;

      } 

      if(edges[n].prev_out!=-1) {

	edges[edges[n].prev_out].next_out = edges[n].next_out;

      } else {

	nodes[edges[n].source].first_out = edges[n].next_out;

      }

      edges[n].next_in = first_free_edge;

      first_free_edge = n;      

    }

    void clear() {

      edges.clear();

      nodes.clear();

      first_node = first_free_node = first_free_edge = -1;

    }

  protected:

    void changeTarget(Edge e, Node n) 

    {

      if(edges[e.id].next_in != -1)

	edges[edges[e.id].next_in].prev_in = edges[e.id].prev_in;

      if(edges[e.id].prev_in != -1)

	edges[edges[e.id].prev_in].next_in = edges[e.id].next_in;

      else nodes[edges[e.id].target].first_in = edges[e.id].next_in;

      if (nodes[n.id].first_in != -1) {

	edges[nodes[n.id].first_in].prev_in = e.id;

      }

      edges[e.id].target = n.id;

      edges[e.id].prev_in = -1;

      edges[e.id].next_in = nodes[n.id].first_in;

      nodes[n.id].first_in = e.id;

    }

    void changeSource(Edge e, Node n) 

    {

      if(edges[e.id].next_out != -1)

	edges[edges[e.id].next_out].prev_out = edges[e.id].prev_out;

      if(edges[e.id].prev_out != -1)

	edges[edges[e.id].prev_out].next_out = edges[e.id].next_out;

      else nodes[edges[e.id].source].first_out = edges[e.id].next_out;

      if (nodes[n.id].first_out != -1) {

	edges[nodes[n.id].first_out].prev_out = e.id;

      }

      edges[e.id].source = n.id;

      edges[e.id].prev_out = -1;

      edges[e.id].next_out = nodes[n.id].first_out;

      nodes[n.id].first_out = e.id;

    }

  };

  typedef GraphExtender<ListGraphBase> ExtendedListGraphBase;

  /// \addtogroup graphs

  /// @{

  ///A list graph class.

  ///This is a simple and fast erasable graph implementation.

  ///

  ///It conforms to the \ref concept::Graph "Graph" concept and it

  ///also provides several additional useful extra functionalities.

  ///The most of the member functions and nested classes are

  ///documented only in the concept class.

  ///\sa concept::Graph.

  class ListGraph : public ExtendedListGraphBase {

  public:

    typedef ExtendedListGraphBase Parent;

    ///Add a new node to the graph.

    /// \return the new node.

    ///

    Node addNode() { return Parent::addNode(); }

    ///Add a new edge to the graph.

    ///Add a new edge to the graph with source node \c s

    ///and target node \c t.

    ///\return the new edge.

    Edge addEdge(const Node& s, const Node& t) { 

      return Parent::addEdge(s, t); 

    }

    /// Changes the target of \c e to \c n

    /// Changes the target of \c e to \c n

    ///

    ///\note The <tt>Edge</tt>s and <tt>OutEdge</tt>s

    ///referencing the changed edge remain

    ///valid. However <tt>InEdge</tt>s are invalidated.

    void changeTarget(Edge e, Node n) { 

      Parent::changeTarget(e,n); 

    }

    /// Changes the source of \c e to \c n

    /// Changes the source of \c e to \c n

    ///

    ///\note The <tt>Edge</tt>s and <tt>InEdge</tt>s

    ///referencing the changed edge remain

    ///valid. However <tt>OutEdge</tt>s are invalidated.

    void changeSource(Edge e, Node n) { 

      Parent::changeSource(e,n);

    }

    /// Invert the direction of an edge.

    ///\note The <tt>Edge</tt>s

    ///referencing the changed edge remain

    ///valid. However <tt>OutEdge</tt>s  and <tt>InEdge</tt>s are invalidated.

    void reverseEdge(Edge e) {

      Node t=target(e);

      changeTarget(e,source(e));

      changeSource(e,t);

    }

    /// \brief Using this it is possible to avoid the superfluous memory

    /// allocation.

    ///Using this it is possible to avoid the superfluous memory

    ///allocation: if you know that the graph you want to build will

    ///contain at least 10 million nodes then it is worth to reserve

    ///space for this amount before starting to build the graph.

    void reserveNode(int n) { nodes.reserve(n); };

    /// \brief Using this it is possible to avoid the superfluous memory

    /// allocation.

    ///Using this it is possible to avoid the superfluous memory

    ///allocation: see the \ref reserveNode function.

    void reserveEdge(int n) { edges.reserve(n); };

    ///Contract two nodes.

    ///This function contracts two nodes.

    ///

    ///Node \p b will be removed but instead of deleting

    ///incident edges, they will be joined to \p a.

    ///The last parameter \p r controls whether to remove loops. \c true

    ///means that loops will be removed.

    ///

    ///\note The <tt>Edge</tt>s

    ///referencing a moved edge remain

    ///valid. However <tt>InEdge</tt>s and <tt>OutEdge</tt>s

    ///may be invalidated.

    void contract(Node a, Node b, bool r = true) 

    {

      for(OutEdgeIt e(*this,b);e!=INVALID;) {

	OutEdgeIt f=e;

	++f;

	if(r && target(e)==a) erase(e);

	else changeSource(e,a);

	e=f;

      }

      for(InEdgeIt e(*this,b);e!=INVALID;) {

	InEdgeIt f=e;

	++f;

	if(r && source(e)==a) erase(e);

	else changeTarget(e,a);

	e=f;

      }

      erase(b);

    }

    ///Split a node.

    ///This function splits a node. First a new node is added to the graph,

    ///then the source of each outgoing edge of \c n is moved to this new node.

    ///If \c connect is \c true (this is the default value), then a new edge

    ///from \c n to the newly created node is also added.

    ///\return The newly created node.

    ///

    ///\note The <tt>Edge</tt>s

    ///referencing a moved edge remain

    ///valid. However <tt>InEdge</tt>s and <tt>OutEdge</tt>s

    ///may be invalidated.

    ///\warning This functionality cannot be used together with the Snapshot

    ///feature.

    ///\todo It could be implemented in a bit faster way.

    Node split(Node n, bool connect = true) 

    {

      Node b = addNode();

      for(OutEdgeIt e(*this,n);e!=INVALID;) {

 	OutEdgeIt f=e;

	++f;

	changeSource(e,b);

	e=f;

      }

      if(connect) addEdge(n,b);

      return b;

    }

    ///Split an edge.

    ///This function splits an edge. First a new node \c b is added to

    ///the graph, then the original edge is re-targeted to \c

    ///b. Finally an edge from \c b to the original target is added.

    ///\return The newly created node.  

    ///\warning This functionality

    ///cannot be used together with the Snapshot feature.

    Node split(Edge e) 

    {

      Node b = addNode();

      addEdge(b,target(e));

      changeTarget(e,b);

      return b;

    }

    ///Class to make a snapshot of the graph and to restore  it later.

    ///Class to make a snapshot of the graph and to restore  it later.

    ///

    ///The newly added nodes and edges can be removed using the

    ///restore() function.

    ///

    ///\warning Edge and node deletions cannot be restored.

    ///\warning Snapshots cannot be nested.

    class Snapshot : protected Parent::NodeNotifier::ObserverBase,

		     protected Parent::EdgeNotifier::ObserverBase

    {

    public:

      class UnsupportedOperation : public LogicError {

      public:

	virtual const char* exceptionName() const {

	  return "lemon::ListGraph::Snapshot::UnsupportedOperation";

	}

      };

    protected:

      ListGraph *g;

      std::list<Node> added_nodes;

      std::list<Edge> added_edges;

      bool active;

      virtual void add(const Node& n) {

	added_nodes.push_back(n);

      };

      virtual void erase(const Node&) 

      {

	throw UnsupportedOperation();

      }

      virtual void add(const Edge& n) {

	added_edges.push_back(n);

      };

      virtual void erase(const Edge&) 

      {

	throw UnsupportedOperation();

      }

      ///\bug What is this used for?

      ///

      virtual void build() {}

      ///\bug What is this used for?

      ///

      virtual void clear() {}

      void regist(ListGraph &_g) {

	g=&_g;

	Parent::NodeNotifier::ObserverBase::attach(g->getNotifier(Node()));

	Parent::EdgeNotifier::ObserverBase::attach(g->getNotifier(Edge()));

      }

      void deregist() {

	Parent::NodeNotifier::ObserverBase::detach();

	Parent::EdgeNotifier::ObserverBase::detach();

	g=0;

      }

    public:

      ///Default constructur.

      ///Default constructur.

      ///To actually make a snapshot you must call save().

      ///

      Snapshot() : g(0) {}

      ///Constructor that immediately makes a snapshot.

      ///This constructor immediately makes a snapshot of the graph.

      ///\param _g The graph we make a snapshot of.

      Snapshot(ListGraph &_g) {

	regist(_g);

      }

      ///\bug Is it necessary?

      ///

      ~Snapshot() 

      {

	if(g) deregist();

      }

      ///Make a snapshot.

      ///Make a snapshot of the graph.

      ///

      ///This function can be called more than once. In case of a repeated

      ///call, the previous snapshot gets lost.

      ///\param _g The graph we make the snapshot of.

      void save(ListGraph &_g) 

      {

	if(g!=&_g) {

	  if(g) deregist();

	  regist(_g);

	}

	added_nodes.clear();

	added_edges.clear();

      }

    ///Undo the changes until the last snapshot.

    ///Undo the changes until last snapshot created by save().

    ///

    ///\todo This function might be called undo().

      void restore() {

	ListGraph &old_g=*g;

	deregist();

	while(!added_edges.empty()) {

	  old_g.erase(added_edges.front());

	  added_edges.pop_front();

	}

 	while(!added_nodes.empty()) {

	  old_g.erase(added_nodes.front());

	  added_nodes.pop_front();

	}

      }

    };

  };

  ///@}

  /**************** Undirected List Graph ****************/

  typedef UGraphExtender<UndirGraphExtender<ListGraphBase> > 

  ExtendedListUGraphBase;

  /// \addtogroup graphs

  /// @{

  ///An undirected list graph class.

  ///This is a simple and fast erasable undirected graph implementation.

  ///

  ///It conforms to the

  ///\ref concept::UGraph "UGraph" concept.

  ///

  ///\sa concept::UGraph.

  ///

  ///\todo Snapshot, reverseEdge(), changeTarget(), changeSource(), contract()

  ///haven't been implemented yet.

  ///

  class ListUGraph : public ExtendedListUGraphBase {

  public:

    typedef ExtendedListUGraphBase Parent;

    /// \brief Add a new node to the graph.

    ///

    /// \return the new node.

    ///

    Node addNode() { return Parent::addNode(); }

    /// \brief Add a new edge to the graph.

    ///

    /// Add a new edge to the graph with source node \c s

    /// and target node \c t.

    /// \return the new undirected edge.

    UEdge addEdge(const Node& s, const Node& t) { 

      return Parent::addEdge(s, t); 

    }

    /// \brief Changes the target of \c e to \c n

    ///

    /// Changes the target of \c e to \c n

    ///

    /// \note The <tt>Edge</tt>'s and <tt>OutEdge</tt>'s

    /// referencing the changed edge remain

    /// valid. However <tt>InEdge</tt>'s are invalidated.

    void changeTarget(UEdge e, Node n) { 

      Parent::changeTarget(e,n); 

    }

    /// Changes the source of \c e to \c n

    ///

    /// Changes the source of \c e to \c n

    ///

    ///\note The <tt>Edge</tt>'s and <tt>InEdge</tt>'s

    ///referencing the changed edge remain

    ///valid. However <tt>OutEdge</tt>'s are invalidated.

    void changeSource(UEdge e, Node n) { 

      Parent::changeSource(e,n); 

    }

    /// \brief Contract two nodes.

    ///

    /// This function contracts two nodes.

    ///

    /// Node \p b will be removed but instead of deleting

    /// its neighboring edges, they will be joined to \p a.

    /// The last parameter \p r controls whether to remove loops. \c true

    /// means that loops will be removed.

    ///

    /// \note The <tt>Edge</tt>s

    /// referencing a moved edge remain

    /// valid.

    void contract(Node a, Node b, bool r = true) {

      for(IncEdgeIt e(*this, b); e!=INVALID;) {

	IncEdgeIt f = e; ++f;

	if (r && runningNode(e) == a) {

	  erase(e);

	} else if (source(e) == b) {

	  changeSource(e, a);

	} else {

	  changeTarget(e, a);

	}

	e = f;

      }

      erase(b);

    }

  };

  class ListBpUGraphBase {

  public:

    class NodeSetError : public LogicError {

      virtual const char* exceptionName() const { 

	return "lemon::ListBpUGraph::NodeSetError";

      }

    };

  protected:

    struct NodeT {

      int first_edge, prev, next;

    };

    struct UEdgeT {

      int aNode, prev_out, next_out;

      int bNode, prev_in, next_in;

    };

    std::vector<NodeT> aNodes;

    std::vector<NodeT> bNodes;

    std::vector<UEdgeT> edges;

    int first_anode;

    int first_free_anode;

    int first_bnode;

    int first_free_bnode;

    int first_free_edge;

  public:

    class Node {

      friend class ListBpUGraphBase;

    protected:

      int id;

      explicit Node(int _id) : id(_id) {}

    public:

      Node() {}

      Node(Invalid) { id = -1; }

      bool operator==(const Node i) const {return id==i.id;}

      bool operator!=(const Node i) const {return id!=i.id;}

      bool operator<(const Node i) const {return id<i.id;}

    };

    class UEdge {

      friend class ListBpUGraphBase;

    protected:

      int id;

      explicit UEdge(int _id) { id = _id;}

    public:

      UEdge() {}

      UEdge (Invalid) { id = -1; }

      bool operator==(const UEdge i) const {return id==i.id;}

      bool operator!=(const UEdge i) const {return id!=i.id;}

      bool operator<(const UEdge i) const {return id<i.id;}

    };

    ListBpUGraphBase()

      : first_anode(-1), first_free_anode(-1),

        first_bnode(-1), first_free_bnode(-1),

        first_free_edge(-1) {}

    void firstANode(Node& node) const {

      node.id = first_anode != -1 ? (first_anode << 1) : -1;

    }

    void nextANode(Node& node) const {

      node.id = aNodes[node.id >> 1].next;

    }

    void firstBNode(Node& node) const {

      node.id = first_bnode != -1 ? (first_bnode << 1) + 1 : -1;

    }

    void nextBNode(Node& node) const {

      node.id = bNodes[node.id >> 1].next;

    }

    void first(Node& node) const {

      if (first_anode != -1) {

        node.id = (first_anode << 1);

      } else if (first_bnode != -1) {

        node.id = (first_bnode << 1) + 1;

      } else {

        node.id = -1;

      }

    }

    void next(Node& node) const {

      if (aNode(node)) {

        node.id = aNodes[node.id >> 1].next;

        if (node.id == -1) {

          if (first_bnode != -1) {

            node.id = (first_bnode << 1) + 1;

          }

        }

      } else {

        node.id = bNodes[node.id >> 1].next;

      }

    }

    void first(UEdge& edge) const {

      int aNodeId = first_anode;

      while (aNodeId != -1 && aNodes[aNodeId].first_edge == -1) {

        aNodeId = aNodes[aNodeId].next != -1 ? 

          aNodes[aNodeId].next >> 1 : -1;

      }

      if (aNodeId != -1) {

        edge.id = aNodes[aNodeId].first_edge;

      } else {

        edge.id = -1;

      }

    }

    void next(UEdge& edge) const {

      int aNodeId = edges[edge.id].aNode >> 1;

      edge.id = edges[edge.id].next_out;

      if (edge.id == -1) {

        aNodeId = aNodes[aNodeId].next != -1 ? 

          aNodes[aNodeId].next >> 1 : -1;

        while (aNodeId != -1 && aNodes[aNodeId].first_edge == -1) {

          aNodeId = aNodes[aNodeId].next != -1 ? 

          aNodes[aNodeId].next >> 1 : -1;

        }

        if (aNodeId != -1) {

          edge.id = aNodes[aNodeId].first_edge;

        } else {

          edge.id = -1;

        }

      }

    }

    void firstFromANode(UEdge& edge, const Node& node) const {

      LEMON_ASSERT((node.id & 1) == 0, NodeSetError());

      edge.id = aNodes[node.id >> 1].first_edge;

    }

    void nextFromANode(UEdge& edge) const {

      edge.id = edges[edge.id].next_out;

    }

    void firstFromBNode(UEdge& edge, const Node& node) const {

      LEMON_ASSERT((node.id & 1) == 1, NodeSetError());

      edge.id = bNodes[node.id >> 1].first_edge;

    }

    void nextFromBNode(UEdge& edge) const {

      edge.id = edges[edge.id].next_in;

    }

    static int id(const Node& node) {

      return node.id;

    }

    static Node nodeFromId(int id) {

      return Node(id);

    }

    int maxNodeId() const {

      return aNodes.size() > bNodes.size() ?

	aNodes.size() * 2 - 2 : bNodes.size() * 2 - 1;

    }

    static int id(const UEdge& edge) {

      return edge.id;

    }

    static UEdge uEdgeFromId(int id) {

      return UEdge(id);

    }

    int maxUEdgeId() const {

      return edges.size();

    }

    static int aNodeId(const Node& node) {

      return node.id >> 1;

    }

    static Node fromANodeId(int id) {

      return Node(id << 1);

    }

    int maxANodeId() const {

      return aNodes.size();

    }

    static int bNodeId(const Node& node) {

      return node.id >> 1;

    }

    static Node fromBNodeId(int id) {

      return Node((id << 1) + 1);

    }

    int maxBNodeId() const {

      return bNodes.size();

    }

    Node aNode(const UEdge& edge) const {

      return Node(edges[edge.id].aNode);

    }

    Node bNode(const UEdge& edge) const {

      return Node(edges[edge.id].bNode);

    }

    static bool aNode(const Node& node) {

      return (node.id & 1) == 0;

    }

    static bool bNode(const Node& node) {

      return (node.id & 1) == 1;

    }

    Node addANode() {

      int aNodeId;

      if (first_free_anode == -1) {

        aNodeId = aNodes.size();

        aNodes.push_back(NodeT());

      } else {

        aNodeId = first_free_anode;

        first_free_anode = aNodes[first_free_anode].next;

      }

      if (first_anode != -1) {

        aNodes[aNodeId].next = first_anode << 1;

        aNodes[first_anode].prev = aNodeId << 1;

      } else {

        aNodes[aNodeId].next = -1;

      }

      aNodes[aNodeId].prev = -1;

      first_anode = aNodeId;

      aNodes[aNodeId].first_edge = -1;

      return Node(aNodeId << 1);

    }

    Node addBNode() {

      int bNodeId;

      if (first_free_bnode == -1) {

        bNodeId = bNodes.size();

        bNodes.push_back(NodeT());

      } else {

        bNodeId = first_free_bnode;

        first_free_bnode = bNodes[first_free_bnode].next;

      }

      if (first_bnode != -1) {

        bNodes[bNodeId].next = (first_bnode << 1) + 1;

        bNodes[first_bnode].prev = (bNodeId << 1) + 1;

      } else {

        bNodes[bNodeId].next = -1;

      }

      first_bnode = bNodeId;

      bNodes[bNodeId].first_edge = -1;

      return Node((bNodeId << 1) + 1);

    }

    UEdge addEdge(const Node& source, const Node& target) {

      LEMON_ASSERT(((source.id ^ target.id) & 1) == 1, NodeSetError());

      int edgeId;

      if (first_free_edge != -1) {

        edgeId = first_free_edge;

        first_free_edge = edges[edgeId].next_out;

      } else {

        edgeId = edges.size();

        edges.push_back(UEdgeT());

      }

      if ((source.id & 1) == 0) {

	edges[edgeId].aNode = source.id;

	edges[edgeId].bNode = target.id;

      } else {

	edges[edgeId].aNode = target.id;

	edges[edgeId].bNode = source.id;

      }

      edges[edgeId].next_out = aNodes[edges[edgeId].aNode >> 1].first_edge;

      edges[edgeId].prev_out = -1;

      if (aNodes[edges[edgeId].aNode >> 1].first_edge != -1) {

        edges[aNodes[edges[edgeId].aNode >> 1].first_edge].prev_out = edgeId;

      }

      aNodes[edges[edgeId].aNode >> 1].first_edge = edgeId;

      edges[edgeId].next_in = bNodes[edges[edgeId].bNode >> 1].first_edge;

      edges[edgeId].prev_in = -1;

      if (bNodes[edges[edgeId].bNode >> 1].first_edge != -1) {

        edges[bNodes[edges[edgeId].bNode >> 1].first_edge].prev_in = edgeId;

      }

      bNodes[edges[edgeId].bNode >> 1].first_edge = edgeId;

      return UEdge(edgeId);

    }

    void erase(const Node& node) {

      if (aNode(node)) {

        int aNodeId = node.id >> 1;

        if (aNodes[aNodeId].prev != -1) {

          aNodes[aNodes[aNodeId].prev >> 1].next = aNodes[aNodeId].next;

        } else {

          first_anode = aNodes[aNodeId].next >> 1;

        }

        if (aNodes[aNodeId].next != -1) {

          aNodes[aNodes[aNodeId].next >> 1].prev = aNodes[aNodeId].prev;

        }

        aNodes[aNodeId].next = first_free_anode;

        first_free_anode = aNodeId;

      } else {

        int bNodeId = node.id >> 1;

        if (bNodes[bNodeId].prev != -1) {

          bNodes[bNodes[bNodeId].prev >> 1].next = bNodes[bNodeId].next;

        } else {

          first_bnode = bNodes[bNodeId].next >> 1;

        }

        if (bNodes[bNodeId].next != -1) {

          bNodes[bNodes[bNodeId].next >> 1].prev = bNodes[bNodeId].prev;

        }

        bNodes[bNodeId].next = first_free_bnode;

        first_free_bnode = bNodeId;

      }

    }

    void erase(const UEdge& edge) {

      if (edges[edge.id].prev_out != -1) {

        edges[edges[edge.id].prev_out].next_out = edges[edge.id].next_out;

      } else {

        aNodes[edges[edge.id].aNode >> 1].first_edge = edges[edge.id].next_out;

      }